Lambda-cyhalothrin is a pyrethroid insecticide. Pyrethroids are synthetic chemical analogues of pyrethrins, which are naturally occurring insecticidal compounds produced in the flowers of chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium). Insecticidal products containing pyrethroids have been widely used to control insect pests in agriculture, public health, and homes and gardens (Amweg and Weston 2005; Oros and Werner 2005). In agriculture, target crops include cotton, cereals, hops, ornamentals, potatoes, and vegetables, with applications made to control aphid, coleopterous, and lepidopterous pests. Pyrethroids are important tools used in public health management where applications are made to control cockroaches, mosquitoes, ticks, and flies, which may act as disease vectors. Residential use of pyrethroid products has increased because of the suspension of organophosphate products containing chlorpyrifos or diazinon (Oros and Werner 2005; Weston et al. 2005).
Lambda-cyhalothrin is the active ingredient (a.i.) in several brand name products: Warrior, Scimitar, Karate, Demand, Icon, and Matador. Annual agricultural use of lambda-cyhalothrin in California has been consistent at approximately 30,000 lbs a.i. per annum from 2000 to 2003 and increased to ~40,000 lbs a.i. per annum between 2004 and 2006 (CDPR 2006). Residues of lambda-cyhalothrin have been detected in irrigation and storm runoff water and in their associated sediments. Residues have been detected in runoff resulting from agricultural, public health, and residential applications. For example, lambda-cyhalothrin was detected in water at 0.11–0.14 μg/L from agricultural watersheds in Stanislaus County, California. Lambda-cyhalothrin residues were detected in sediments obtained from sites sampled in Imperial, Monterey, Stanislaus, and Placer Counties. Residues in sediment ranged from 0.003 to 0.315 μg/g of dry wt (Starner 2007).
Keywords
- Drainage Ditch
- Pyrethroid Insecticide
- Synthetic Pyrethroid
- Environ Toxicol
- Species Sensitivity Distribution
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ali MA, Baugh PJ (2003) Sorption-desorption studies of six pyrethroids and mirex on soils using GC/MS-NICI. Int J Environ Anal Chem 83:923–933.
Amweg EL, Weston DP (2005) Use and toxicity of pyrethroid pesticides in the Central Valley, California, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:1300–1301.
Amweg EL, Weston DP, Ureda NM (2005) Use and toxicity of pyrethroid pesticides in the Central Valley, California, USA. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:966–972.
Amweg EL, Weston DP, You J, Lydy MJ (2006) Pyrethroid insecticides and sediment toxicity in urban creeks from California and Tennessee. Environ Sci Technol 40:1700–1706.
Arts GHP, Guijse-Bogdan LL, Belgers JDM, Van Rhenen-Kersten CH, Van Wijngaarden RPA, Roessink I, Maund SJ, Van den Brink PJ, Brock TCM (2006) Ecological impact in ditch mesocosms of simulated spray drift from a crop protection program for potatoes. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2:105–125.
Bennett ER, Moore MT, Cooper CM, Smith S, Shields FD, Drouillard KG, Schulz R (2005) Vegetated agricultural drainage ditches for the mitigation of pyrethroid-associated runoff. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:2121–2127.
Bondarenko S, Putt A, Kavanaugh S, Poletika N, Gan JY (2006) Time dependence of phase distribution of pyrethroid insecticides in sediment. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:3148–3154.
Bouldin JL, Farris JL, Moore MT Jr, Stephens WW, Cooper CM (2005) Evaluated fate and effects of atrazine and lambda-cyhalothrin in vegetated and unvegetated microcosms. Environ Toxicol 20:487–498.
Bouldin JL, Farris JL, Moore MT, Smith JS, Cooper CM (2006) Hydroponic uptake of atrazine and lambda-cyhalothrin in Juncus effusus and Ludwigia peploides. Chemosphere 65:1049–1057.
Bradbury SP, Coats JR (1989) Toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics of pyrethroid insecticides in fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 8:373–380.
Burken JG, Schnoor JL (1997) Uptake and metabolism of atrazine by poplar trees. Environ Sci Technol 31:1399–1406.
Burr SA, Ray DE (2004) Structure-activity and interaction effects of 14 different pyrethroids on voltage-gated chloride ion channels. Toxicol Sci 77:341–346.
Cavas T, Ergene-Gozukara S (2003) Evaluation of the genotoxic potential of lambda-cyhalothrin using nuclear and nucleolar biomarkers on fish cells. Mutat Res/Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 534:93–99.
CDPR (2006) California Department of Pesticide Regulation Pesticide Use Database.
CDPR (2007) Pesticide chemical database.
Cleugh ES, Milner DJ (1994) Isomerization process. http://wwwpatentstormus/patents/5334744- descriptionhtml.
Cycon M, Piotrowska-Seget Z, Kaczynska A, Kozdroj J (2006) Microbiological characteristics of a sandy loam soil exposed to tebuconazole and lambda-cyhalothrin under laboratory conditions. Ecotoxicology 15:639–646.
European-Commission (2001) Review report for the active substance lambda-cyhalothrin. 7572/VI/97-final. 25 January 2001. http://ec.europa.eu/food/plant/protection/evaluation/existactive/list1–24_en.pdf.
Farmer D, Hill IR, Maund SJ (1995) A comparison of the fate and effects of two pyrethroid insecticides (lambda-cyhalothrin and cypermethrin) in pond mesocosms. Ecotoxicology 4:219–244.
Fernandez-Alvarez M, Sanchez-Prado L, Lores M, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C, Cela R (2007) Alternative sample preparation method for photochemical studies based on solid phase microextraction: synthetic pyrethroid photochemistry. J Chromatogr A Adv Sample Prep 1152:156–167.
Forster B, Garcia M, Francimari O, Rombke J (2006) Effects of carbendazim and lambda-cyhalothrin on soil invertebrates and leaf litter decomposition in semi-field and field tests under tropical conditions (Amazonia, Brazil). Eur J Soil Biol 42:S171–S179.
Frampton GK, Jansch S, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Rombke J, Van den Brink PJ (2006) Effects of pesticides on soil invertebrates in laboratory studies: a review and analysis using species sensitivity distributions. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:2480–2489.
Gan J, Yang W, Hunter W, Bondarenko S, Spurlock F (2006) Bioavailability of pyrethroids in surface aquatic systems. http://wwwcdprcagov/docs/sw/presentations/JGan_pyrethroids 101105pdf.
Gu BG, Wang HM, Chen WL, Cai DJ, Shan ZJ (2007) Risk assessment of lambda-cyhalothrin on aquatic organisms in paddy field in China. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 48:69–74.
Gupta S, Handa SK, Sharma KK (1998) A new spray reagent for the detection of synthetic pyrethroids containing a nitrile group on thin-layer plates. Talanta 45:1111–1114.
Hadfield ST, Sadler JK, Bolygo E, Hill S, Hill IR (1993) Pyrethroid residues in sediment and water samples from mesocosm and farm pond studies of simulated accidental aquatic exposure. Pestic Sci 38:283–294.
Hamer MJ, Goggin UM, Muller K, Maund SJ (1999) Bioavailability of lambda-cyhalothrin to Chironomus riparius in sediment-water and water-only systems. Aquat Ecosys Health Manag 2:403–412.
Hand LH, Kuet SF, Lane MCG, Maund SJ, Warinton JS, Hill IR (2001) Influences of aquatic plants on the fate of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin in aquatic environments. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:1740–1745.
Heckmann LH, Friberg N (2005) Macroinvertebrate community response to pulse exposure with the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin using in-stream mesocosms. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:582–590.
Henderson KL, Belden JB, Coats JR (2007) Mass balance of metolachlor in a grassed phytoremediation system. Environ Sci Technol 41:4084–4089.
Hill BD, Inaba DJ (1991) Dissipation of lambda-cyhalothrin on fallow vs. cropped soil. J Agric Food Chem 39:2282–2284.
Laabs V, Amelung W, Pinto A, Altstaedt A, Zech W (2000) Leaching and degradation of corn and soybean pesticides in an Oxisol of the Brazilian Cerrados. Chemosphere 41:1441–1449.
Laskowski DA (2002) Physical and chemical properties of pyrethroids. Rev Environ Contam Toxicol 174:49–170.
Lawler SP, Dritz DA, Godfrey LD (2003) Effects of the agricultural insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior (™)) on mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis). J Am Mosq Control Assoc 19:430–432.
Lawler SP, Dritz DA, Christiansen JA, Cornel AJ (2007) Effects of lambda-cyhalothrin on mosquito larvae and predatory aquatic insects. Pest Manag Sci 63:234–240.
Leistra M, Zweers AJ, Warinton JS, Crum SJ, Hand LH, Beltman WH, Maund SJ (2004) Fate of the insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin in ditch enclosures differing in vegetation density. Pest Manag Sci 60:75–84.
Maund SJ, Hamer MJ, Warinton JS, Kedwards TJ (1998) Aquatic ecotoxicology of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin: considerations for higher-tier aquatic risk assessment. Pestic Sci 54:408–417.
Mertens J, Vervaeke P, Meers E, Tack FMG (2006) Seasonal changes of metals in willow (Salix sp.) stands for phytoremediation on dredged sediment. Environ Sci Technol 40:1962–1968.
Milam CD, Bouldin JL, Farris JL, Schulz R, Moore MT, Bennett ER, Cooper CM, Smith S (2004) Evaluating acute toxicity of methyl parathion application in constructed wetland mesocosms. Environ Toxicol 19:471–479.
Montes-Bayon M, Yanes EG, Ponce de Leon C, Jayasimhulu K, Stalcup A, Shann J, Caruso JA (2002) Initial studies of selenium speciation in Brassica juncea by LC with ICPMS and ES-MS detection: an approach for phytoremediation studies. Anal Chem 74:107–113.
Moore MT, Bennett ER, Cooper CM, Smith S, Shields FD, Milam CD, Farris JL (2001) Transport and fate of atrazine and lambda-cyhalothrin in an agricultural drainage ditch in the Mississippi Delta, USA. Agric Ecosyst Environ 87:309–314.
Oros DR, Werner I (2005) Pyrethroid Insecticides: An Analysis of Use Patterns, Distributions, Potential Toxicity and Fate in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta and Central Valley. White Paper for the Interagency Ecological Program. SFEI Contribution 415. San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA.
Oudo H, Hansen HC (2002) Sorption of lambda-cyhalothrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin and fenvalerate to quartz, corundum, kaolinite and montmorillonite. Chemosphere 49:1285–1294.
PAN (2007) PAN Pesticides Database, Chemicals. http://www.pesticideinfo.org/List_Chemicals.jsp. Accessed July 20, 2007.
Reichenberger S, Amelung W, Laabs V, Pinto A, Totsche KU, Zech W (2002) Pesticide displacement along preferential flow pathways in a Brazilian Oxisol. Geoderma 110:63–86.
Robson MJ and Crosby J (1984) Insecticidal product and preparation thereof. European Patent Office. Patent Number EU 106469. UK.
Roessink I, Arts GHP, Belgers JDM, Bransen F, Maund SJ, Brock TCM (2005) Effects of lambda-cyhalothrin in two ditch microcosm systems of different trophic status. Environ Toxicol Chem 24:1684–1696.
Ruzo LO, Krishnamurthy VV, Casida JE, Gohre K (1987) Pyrethroid photochemistry: influence of the chloro(trifluoromethyl) vinyl substituent in cyhalothrin. J Agric Food Chem 35:879–883.
Schwarzenbach RP, Gschwend PM, Imboden DM (1993) Environmental Organic Chemistry. Wiley, New York.
Shafer TJ, Meyer DA (2004) Effects of pyrethroids on voltage-sensitive calcium channels: a critical evaluation of strengths, weaknesses, data needs, and relationship to assessment of cumulative neurotoxicity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 196:303–318.
Siciliano SD, Goldie H, Germida JJ (1998) Enzymatic activity in root exudates of Dahurian wild rye (Elymus dauricus) that degrades 2-chlorobenzoic acid. J Agric Food Chem 46:5–7.
Spurlock F (2006) Synthetic pyrethroids and California surface water: use patterns, properties, and unique aspects. http://wwwcdprcagov/docs/sw/swposters/spurlock_acs06pdf.
Starner K (2007) Data queried from the Department of Pesticide Regulation Surface Water Monitoring Database.
Syngenta (2007) KARATE. http://wwwsyngentacom/en/products_services/karate_pageaspx.
Tariq MY, Afzal S, Hussain I (2006) Degradation and persistence of cotton pesticides in sandy loam soils from Punjab, Pakistan. Environ Res 100:184–196.
Tomlin CDS (ed) (2000) The Pesticide Manual, 12th Ed. British Crop Protection Council, Farnham, UK.
USDA (2007) USDA-ARS Pesticide Properties Database: http://www.ars.usda.gov/Services/docs.htm?docid=14199. Accessed July 20, 2007.
USEPA (2007) ECOTOX database. http://cfpubepagov/ecotox/quick_queryhtm.
Van Wijngaarden RPA, Cuppen JGM, Arts GHP, Crum SJH, van den Hoorn MW, Van den Brink PJ, Brock TCM (2004) Aquatic risk assessment of a realistic exposure to pesticides used in bulb crops: a microcosm study. Environ Toxicol Chem 23:1479–1498.
Van Wijngaarden RPA, Brock TCM, Van den Brink PJ (2005) Threshold levels for effects of insecticides in freshwater ecosystems: a review. Ecotoxicology 14:355–380.
Wang S, Kimber SWL, Kennedy IR (1997) The dissipation of lambda-cyhalothrin from cotton production systems. J Environ Sci Health B B32:335–352.
Wang W, Cai DJ, Shan ZJ, Chen WL, Poletika N, Gao XW (2007) Comparison of the acute toxicity for gamma-cyhalothrin and lambda-cyhalothrin to zebra fish and shrimp. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 47:184–188.
Wendt-Rasch L, Van den Brink PJ, Crum SJH, Woin P (2004) The effects of a pesticide mixture on aquatic ecosystems differing in trophic status: responses of the macrophyte Myriophyllum spicatum and the periphytic algal community. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 57:383–398.
Weston DP, You JC, Lydy MJ (2004) Distribution and toxicity of sediment-associated pesticides in agriculture-dominated water bodies of California’s Central Valley. Environ Sci Technol 38:2752–2759.
Weston DP, Holmes RW, You J, Lydy MJ (2005) Aquatic toxicity due to residential use of pyrethroid insecticides. Environ Sci Technol 39:9778–9784.
Wild E, Dent J, Thomas GO, Jones KC (2005) Direct observation of organic contaminant uptake, storage, and metabolism within plant roots. Environ Sci Technol 39:3695–3702.
Zhou JL, Rowland S, Mantoura RFC (1995) Partition of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides between dissolved and particulate phases. Water Res 29:1023–1031.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2008 Springer
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
He, LM., Troiano, J., Wang, A., Goh, K. (2008). Environmental Chemistry, Ecotoxicity, and Fate of Lambda-Cyhalothrin. In: Whitacre, D.M. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 195. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77030-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77030-7_3
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-0-387-77029-1
Online ISBN: 978-0-387-77030-7
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)