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N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Neuroinflammation in Aging: Role in Cognition

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Pharma-Nutrition

Part of the book series: AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series ((AAPS,volume 12))

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Abstract

The innate immune system of the brain is principally composed of microglial cells, which protects neurons against noxious agents or lesions thanks to their non-inflammatory phagocytic activity. In the healthy brain, microglia are highly motile and thoroughly interact with neurons either by physical contact or through specific peptides, chemokines, and cytokines. In response to inflammatory insult, microglial cells get activated and produce inflammatory cytokines that act specifically through receptors expressed in the brain, leading to the development of altered cognition. These behavioral alterations cease along with the synthesis of brain cytokines. When the level of expression of these cytokines remains high, they become toxic to neurons possibly leading to neuronal death, as observed in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. Omega-3 (n-3) type polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are essential nutrients and fundamental components of neuronal and glial cell membranes. Additionally, they have immunomodulatory properties. They accumulate in the brain during the perinatal period in a dietary supply-dependent fashion. Their brain levels diminish with age, but can be corrected by a diet enriched in n-3 PUFAs. The increasing exposure of the population to diets unbalanced in n-3 PUFAs could contribute to the deleterious effects of inflammatory cytokines in the brain.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank Amandine Lepinay for the drawing of microglia.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée, INRA UMR 1286, Université Victor Ségalen, Bâtiment UFR Pharmacie, 2 tranche, 2 étage, Case courrier 34, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux, France

    Sophie Layé, Charlotte Madore, Jean-Christophe Delpech, Corinne Joffre & Agnès Nadjar

  2. University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, 33077, France

    Sophie Layé, Charlotte Madore, Jean-Christophe Delpech, Corinne Joffre & Agnès Nadjar

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  1. Sophie Layé
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  2. Charlotte Madore
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  3. Jean-Christophe Delpech
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  4. Corinne Joffre
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  5. Agnès Nadjar
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Correspondence to Sophie Layé .

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  1. Pharmacology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

    Gert Folkerts

  2. Immunopharmacology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands

    Johan Garssen

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Layé, S., Madore, C., Delpech, JC., Joffre, C., Nadjar, A. (2014). N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Neuroinflammation in Aging: Role in Cognition. In: Folkerts, G., Garssen, J. (eds) Pharma-Nutrition. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 12. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-06151-1_6

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