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Azokh Cave Hominin Remains

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Azokh Cave and the Transcaucasian Corridor

Abstract

Hominin remains have been discovered at Azokh Cave from three different entrance passageways during the early and present phases of excavation. Evidence for three different species of hominin – Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis, and Homo sapiens – has been found at Azokh Cave. A fragment of hominin mandible was found in Azokh 1 in 1968. Previous studies, published in Russian and summarized here, suggest this specimen is most similar to the Ehringsdorf (adult) specimen which may now be considered as an early Neanderthal. An original assessment of a replica of the mandible carried out here indicates the specimen is similar to European Middle Pleistocene hominins, and we assign it tentatively to Homo heidelbergenis. A complete permanent first upper left molar tooth was found higher in the Azokh 1 sequence by the present excavation team. Preliminary description and metric analyses of the tooth indicate the specimen is typical of Neanderthal first upper molars and is most similar to Neanderthal specimens from Krapina, Croatia. A partial skeleton and two teeth of modern Homo sapiens have been found in Azokh 2 by the current excavation team, and evidence suggests death was accidental. Eight modern Homo sapiens teeth, discovered in Azokh 5 and thought to represent a minimum of three individuals (a child, a juvenile and an adolescent), are described here.

Резюме

В данной главе рассматриваются останки гоминид, обнаруженные в трех различных входных камерах Азохской пещеры в течение предшествующего и современного этапов раскопок. К настоящему времени на стоянке выявлены свидетельства присутствия трех различных видов гоминид – Homo heidelbergensis, Homo neanderthalensis и Homo sapiens. В Азох 1 фрагмент нижней челюсти гоминида был найден предшествующей группой исследователей в период раскопок, проводимых в 1960-х гг. Есть неопределенность относительно возраста находки, которая была обнаружена в отло-жениях 250–400-тысячелетней давности. Образец представляет собой фрагмент правой половины нижней челюсти и содержит полностью сохранившийся третий моляр. Результаты предыдущих исследований, опубликованные на русском языке, обобщены в данном разделе. Находка имеет наибольшее сходство с образцом (взрослая особь) из Эрингсдорфа и может представлять собой локальный вариант того же вида. Мы провели тщательную экспертизу реплики данного фрагмента, которая показала, что находка хорошо вписывается в морфологические границы европейских среднеплейстоценовых гоминид. Использование различных моделей для объяснения эволюции данной группы гоминид показывает, что рассматриваемый образец может быть классифицирован как H. heidelbergensis или ранний неандерталец. Основываясь на примитивных признаках находки и некоторых специфических деталях, мы отдаем предпочтение предшествующему предположению и относим ее к виду Homo heidelbergensis.

Во время раскопок, проводимых нашей группой в 2010 г., в верхних слоях Азох 1, в отложениях возрастом около 100 тыс. лет, был найден полностью сохранившйхся коренной первый верхний левый моляр гоминида. В данной главе представлены предварительное описание и метрический анализ находки. Полученные результаты указывают, что обнаруженный зуб является типичным первым верхним моляром неандертальца и наиболее близок по форме к неандертальским образцам из Карпины (Хорватия). Третья серия находок датируется голоценом: останки расчлененных нижних конечностей современного Homo sapiens были обнаружены в Азох 2 в течение полевого сезона 2007 г. Найдены также два зуба – верхний правый премоляр и нижний правый боковой резец, которые могли принадлежать той же особи, возраст которой был оценен в 12–13 лет на момент смерти. В текущей фазе раскопок в Азох 5 были обнаружены зубы и фаланга, принадлежащие анатомически современному человеку.

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Acknowledgements

We are grateful to a number of individuals at several different institutions for the help they have provided in the preparation of this chapter. We thank Dr. Melanya Balayan, Director, and staff of Artsakh State Museum for Country and History Study for facilitating access to the Azokh 2 modern human remains. We are particularly grateful to Prof. Chris Dean and Dr. Helen Liversidge for helpful discussions, advice, and interest in the course of preparation of this manuscript. We also thank Dr. Liversidge for her help in preparation of the X-ray image of the Neanderthal specimen. We thank Dr. Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo for her help and advice in the preparation of this chapter, and also for her careful review of the manuscript. We are very grateful to Felicity Baker for preparing the illustrations of the Azokh mandible shown in Fig. 5.1. We thank the Photography Department of MNCN for the preparation of the images of specimens from Azokh 5. We thank Drs. Patricio Dominguez Alonso, Yolanda Fernandez-Jalvo and John Murray for their help in preparing images of the Azokh mandible, Neanderthal tooth and the Azokh 5 specimens. We are grateful to three anonymous reviewers for their thorough review of this chapter.

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King, T., Compton, T., Rosas, A., Andrews, P., Yepiskoposyan, L., Asryan, L. (2016). Azokh Cave Hominin Remains. In: Fernández-Jalvo, Y., King, T., Yepiskoposyan, L., Andrews, P. (eds) Azokh Cave and the Transcaucasian Corridor. Vertebrate Paleobiology and Paleoanthropology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24924-7_5

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