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Simple and highly sensitive 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone/glassy carbon sensor for the electrochemical detection of [Ni(CN)4]2− in metallurgical industry wastewater

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Abstract

The pollution generated by the metallurgical industry effluents represents a serious issue for human health and the environment where the presence of cyanide species is particularly dangerous even at low concentration. In this context, we have developed an electrochemical sensor based on a glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified with 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (HNFQ) for the detection of the \({[\text{Ni}({\text{CN})}_{4}]}_{(\text{aq})}^{2-}\) complex ion from galvanic wastewater. It was characterized by physicochemical techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, electrochemical spectroscopy impedance, and UV–Visible spectroscopy. The electrochemical detection of the complex ion \({[\text{Ni}({\text{CN})}_{4}]}_{(\text{aq})}^{2-}\) was carried out by the square-wave voltammetry electrochemical technique. The GC/HNFQ electrochemical sensor features a wide linear range of 1.28 × 10–5–1.63 × 10–3 mol L−1 with a determination coefficient R2 of 0.9993, a limit of detection (LOD) of 3.31 ± 2.21 µmol L−1, and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 10.93 ± 7.31 µmol L−1. Moreover, the proposed sensor displays excellent selectivity to the interfering ions (\({\text{K}}^{+}\), \({\text{Na}}^{+}\), \({\text{Cl}}^{-}\), \({\text{NO}}_{3}^{-}\), \({\text{SO}}_{4}^{2-},\) and \({\text{HCO}}_{3}^{-}\)). Finally, in order to investigate the molecular interplay between the involved species at the electrode-solution interface, a computational study in the framework of DFT has been conducted, which suggests a parallel orientation of a formed Ni(II)-bis(2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinonate) complex and a graphitic domain of the glassy carbon surface.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank CONCYTEC/FONDECYT (Contract 210-2015) for the funding granted for carrying out the research and FONDECYT (Contract 237-2015-FONDECYT) for the provision of a doctoral scholarship. The authors acknowledge the MaSCA (Maison de la Simulation de Champagne-Ardenne, France) for computing facilities (http://romeo.univ-reims.fr) and gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the project FC-MF-10-2019 provided by the Vicerrectorado de Investigación of the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (National University of Engineering), Lima – Perú.

Funding

Funding was provided by FONDECYT (Contract 210-2015, Contract 237-2015-FONDECYT) and Vicerrectorado de Investigación of the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería (FC-MF-10-2019).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratorio de Investigación de Electroquímica Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Túpac Amaru 210, Rímac, Lima, Peru

    Andy A. Cardenas-Riojas, Golfer Muedas-Taipe, Adolfo La Rosa-Toro & Angélica M. Baena-Moncada

  2. Institute of Chemistry, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Araraquara, SP, 14801-970, Brazil

    Maria D. P. T. Sotomayor

  3. National Institute for Alternative Technologies of Detection, Toxicological Evaluation and Removal of Micropollutants and Radioactives (INCT-DATREM), Araraquara, SP, Brazil

    Maria D. P. T. Sotomayor

  4. Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Moulin de la Housse, 51687, Reims, France

    Miguel Ponce-Vargas

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  1. Andy A. Cardenas-Riojas
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Cardenas-Riojas, A.A., Muedas-Taipe, G., La Rosa-Toro, A. et al. Simple and highly sensitive 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone/glassy carbon sensor for the electrochemical detection of [Ni(CN)4]2− in metallurgical industry wastewater. J Appl Electrochem 52, 1053–1065 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10800-022-01691-0

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