Abstract
Research indicates that sources of work-related stress (WRS) impact on the physical, social, and psychological health of pilots. Furthermore, specific features of the job can increase a pilot’s risk in relation to developing a mental health (MH) issue. It is impossible to remove all stress from the work life of pilots. A high stress situation may not necessarily be detrimental to the person, once they have learned to cope with it in a healthy manner. Nonetheless, risk pertaining to WRS need to be effectively managed by a pilot’s employer. Therefore, it is important to identify solutions at an airline and pilot self-management level. This paper reports on the findings of human factors research undertaken with commercial pilots pertaining to work-related stress (WRS) and its impact on wellbeing, performance, and safety. The findings of a series of co-design workshops and a follow-up anonymous survey were analysed to identify potential solutions at (1) an airline and (2) pilot self-management level. Potential solutions are framed in relation to six impact scenarios. Furthermore, they are located within the existing regulatory framework, including the latest implementation rules (IR), acceptable means of compliance (ACM), and guidance material (GM) as outlined by the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA 2019). Proposed interventions should promote wellbeing and positive mental health while also addressing suffering and mental ill health. Airline interventions might focus on enhancing existing Safety Management System (SMS) approaches to better manage risks pertaining to WRS, advancing new tools to enable wellbeing briefing, risk assessment, and reporting, and training pilots in relation to MH awareness, risk identifying behaviour, and coping strategies. Furthermore, new role/functions might be introduced to support the implementation and management of WRS/wellbeing/MH safety/risk processes at an airline level. Requirements for new digital tools to support pilot awareness of WRS/wellbeing/MH, self-management of WRS/wellbeing/MH and risk identification both inside and outside the cockpit are also proposed. Some of recommendations arising in this research require changes to the existing rule-making and/or modification to existing AMC and GM.
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Abbreviations
- AMC:
-
Acceptable means of compliance
- BALPA:
-
British Airline Pilots Association
- CAA:
-
Civil aviation authority
- CMD:
-
Common mental disorders
- CRM:
-
Crew resource management
- CBT:
-
Cognitive behavioural therapy
- EAAP:
-
European Association of aviation psychologists
- EASA:
-
European Union aviation safety agency
- ECA:
-
European Cockpit Association
- ECT:
-
Electroconvulsive therapy
- ESAM:
-
European Society of Aerospace Medicine
- EU-OSHA:
-
European Agency for Safety and Health in Work
- ESARRs:
-
Eurocontrol Safety Regulatory Requirements (ESARRs)
- EU:
-
European Union
- FRMS:
-
Fatigue risk management system
- GM:
-
Guidance material
- IFALPA:
-
International federation of airline pilots associations
- IATA:
-
International air transport association
- ICAO:
-
International Civil Aviation Organisation
- IR:
-
Implementing rules
- MH:
-
Mental health
- NICE:
-
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
- RM:
-
Risk management
- SM-ICG:
-
Safety Management International Collaboration Group ()
- SMS:
-
Safety management system
- SPI:
-
Safety performance indicators
- SRM:
-
Safety risk management
- SARPs:
-
Standards and recommended practices
- PHQ:
-
Patient health questionnaire
- TEM:
-
Threat and error management
- UAS:
-
Undesired aircraft states
- WCQ:
-
Ways of coping questionnaire
- WHO:
-
World Health Organisation
- WRS:
-
Work-related stress
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The authors would like to thank all those pilots who participated in both workshop and survey research.
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Cahill, J., Cullen, P. & Gaynor, K. Interventions to support the management of work-related stress (WRS) and wellbeing/mental health issues for commercial pilots. Cogn Tech Work 22, 517–547 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-019-00586-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10111-019-00586-z