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Fruit volatiles mediate differential attraction of Drosophila suzukii to wild and cultivated blueberries

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Abstract

Native to the northeast USA, highbush blueberry is a crop domesticated for close to 100 years and that has been selected mainly for high yields and bigger fruit. We hypothesized that, due to domestication and associated agronomic selection (i.e., cultivation practices), cultivated blueberries differ from their wild ancestors in fruit volatile emissions, affecting the response of a frugivorous pest. To test this hypothesis, we compared the attraction of adult spotted-wing drosophila (Drosophila suzukii) to wild and cultivated blueberry fruit volatiles in choice assays. We also conducted headspace volatile chemical analysis and electroantennographic detection (EAD) analysis to identify and quantify any antennally active compounds. For this, fruit from wild and cultivated blueberries, growing in proximity, was sampled from six farms located in the Pinelands National Reserve (New Jersey, USA)—a blueberry-producing region with a forest understory consisting largely of wild blueberries. On a per gram basis, we found that wild blueberries are more attractive to D. suzukii flies and have higher volatile emission rates than cultivated blueberries. Nine EAD-active compounds from wild blueberries (isobutyl acetate, ethyl butyrate, ethyl 2-methylbutyrate, ethyl 3-methylbutyrate, hexanal, isoamyl acetate, 3-hydroxybutanone (acetoin), 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and 1-hexanol) were attractive individually and as a blend to D. suzukii flies. However, a 4-component blend composed of isoamyl acetate, acetoin, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and 1-hexanol was more attractive to D. suzukii than the 9-component blend. Altogether, our results show that the domestication/cultivation of blueberries is associated with lower rates of fruit volatile emissions, which has resulted in decreased attraction of a frugivorous pest, D. suzukii.

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Fig. 1

(adapted from Feng et al. 2018). b Percent (mean ± 1 SE) response of adult Drosophila suzukii (mixed sexes) to wild and cultivated highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) fruit volatiles in choice tests after 24 h. Each bar is the mean of 44 replicates, and 20 D. suzukii flies were released per replicate (N = 880 flies)

Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

(adapted from Feng et al. 2018). (b) Percent (mean ± 1 SE) response of adult Drosophila suzukii (mated females) to each of the nine EAD-active compounds from wild blueberry fruit against distilled water (control) after 24 h. Each bar is the mean of 10 replicates, and 10 female flies were released per replicate (N = 100 flies)

Fig. 5

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Acknowledgments

We thank Jennifer Frake, Nicolas Firbas, Kyra Huttinger, and Fernando Sanchez-Pedraza for laboratory and field assistance. Special thanks to Robert Holdcraft for assistance in volatile collection and analysis, Vera Kyryczenko-Roth for colony maintenance, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on an earlier draft of this manuscript.

Funding

The study was partially supported by funding from the USDA NIFA Crop Protection and Pest Management (CPPM) program (award no. 2015-70006-24152), the USDA NIFA Specialty Crops Research Initiative (SCRI) program (award no. 2015-51181-24252), the New Jersey Blueberry Research Council, and the Hatch projects no. NJ08252 and NJ08140 to CR-S.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Rutgers University P.E. Marucci Center, 125A Lake Oswego Rd, Chatsworth, NJ, 08019, USA

    Pablo Urbaneja-Bernat & Cesar Rodriguez-Saona

  2. Trécé Inc, PO Box 129, Adair, OK, 74330, USA

    Kevin Cloonan

  3. Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behavior Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center-West, USDA-ARS, Beltsville, MD, 20705, USA

    Aijun Zhang

  4. Department of Entomology and Acarology, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba - SP, Brazil

    Paolo Salazar-Mendoza

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  1. Pablo Urbaneja-Bernat
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Urbaneja-Bernat, P., Cloonan, K., Zhang, A. et al. Fruit volatiles mediate differential attraction of Drosophila suzukii to wild and cultivated blueberries. J Pest Sci 94, 1249–1263 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-021-01332-z

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