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Validation and modification of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in Peruvian population

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Abstract

Purpose

The main purpose of this study was to develop a cross-cultural adaptation of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale for Peruvian population (ESS-VP) and to provide evidence of reliability and validity to this scale. We also modified the ESS-VP for non-driving Peruvian population (ESS-MPV).

Methods

Participants were Peruvians between 18 and 65 years. Five-phase design: Translation and retranslation of the original scale; comprehension evaluation (n = 60); reliability or test–retest (n = 75); internal consistency and construct validity (n = 219); and change of sensibility (n = 36). Just as in the ESS-PV, the same procedure was applied to ESS-MPV except the first phase.

Results

The ESS-PV and ESS-MPV had an adequate comprehension. They were reliable over time (test–retest), being better within a period of 2 weeks. They also had adequate internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha: 0.790 and 0.789). Two factors were extracted in both scales, being only the first factor in which all items showed statistically significant loads. Both scales are sensitive to sleepiness change in patients with obstructive sleep apnea during treatment.

Conclusions

The ESS-VP and ESS-MPV, adapted to adult Peruvian population, are comparable to the original scale, reliable, valid, and change-sensitive. It is proposed that the ESS-MPV should be applied in Peruvian population who do not drive motorized vehicles

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Conflict of interest

The authors indicate no financial conflicts of interest.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru

    Edmundo Rosales-Mayor, Jorge Rey de Castro, Leandro Huayanay & Kenny Zagaceta

  2. Centro de Trastornos Respiratorios del Sueño (CENTRES), Clínica Anglo Americana, Lima, Peru

    Edmundo Rosales-Mayor & Jorge Rey de Castro

  3. Grupo de Investigación en Sueño (GIS), Lima, Peru

    Edmundo Rosales-Mayor, Jorge Rey de Castro & Kenny Zagaceta

  4. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Calle Villaroel 170, Barcelona, 08036, Spain

    Edmundo Rosales-Mayor

  5. Centro de Trastornos Respiratorios del Sueño (CENTRES), Clínica Anglo Americana, Av. Alfredo Salazar 314–Piso 10, San Isidro, Lima 27, Peru

    Edmundo Rosales-Mayor, Jorge Rey de Castro, Leandro Huayanay & Kenny Zagaceta

Authors
  1. Edmundo Rosales-Mayor
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  2. Jorge Rey de Castro
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  3. Leandro Huayanay
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  4. Kenny Zagaceta
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Edmundo Rosales-Mayor.

Appendix

Appendix

Appendix A. Epworth sleepiness scale—modified Peruvian version (version in Spanish)

Escala de Somnolencia Epworth

(Versión Peruana Modificada)

¿Qué tan probable es que usted cabecee o se quede dormido en las siguientes situaciones? No se refiere a sentirse cansado debido a actividad física. Aunque no haya realizado últimamente las situaciones descritas, considere como le habrían afectado. Use la siguiente escala y marque con una X la opción más apropiada para cada situación:

  • Nunca cabecearía

  • Poca probabilidad de cabecear

  • Moderada probabilidad de cabecear

  • Alta probabilidad de cabecear

Situación

Probabilidad de cabecear

Nunca

Poca

Moderada

Alta

Sentado leyendo

    

Viendo televisión

    

Sentado (por ejemplo en el teatro, en una reunión, en el cine, en una conferencia, escuchando la misa o el culto)

    

Como pasajero en un automóvil, ómnibus, micro o combi durante una hora o menos de recorrido

    

Recostado en la tarde si las circunstancias lo permiten

    

Sentado conversando con alguien

    

Sentado luego del almuerzo y sin haber bebido alcohol

    

Conduciendo el automóvil cuando se detiene algunos minutos por razones de tráfico

    

Parado y apoyándose o no en una pared o mueble

    

¿Usted maneja vehículos motorizados (auto, camioneta, ómnibus, micro, combi, etc.)?:

() SI () NO

Gracias por su cooperación

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Rosales-Mayor, E., Rey de Castro, J., Huayanay, L. et al. Validation and modification of the Epworth Sleepiness Scale in Peruvian population. Sleep Breath 16, 59–69 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-011-0485-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-011-0485-1

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