Abstract
Lambda-cyhalothrin (LTC) [α-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclo-propanecarboxylate] is a synthetic type II pyrethroid insecticide commonly used in residential and agricultural areas. The potential hepatotoxicity of pyrethroids remains unclear and could easily be assessed by measuring common clinical indicators of liver disease. To understand more about the potential risks for humans associated with LTC exposure, male adult rats were orally exposed to 6.2 and 31.1 mg/kg bw of LTC for 7, 30, 45, and 60 days. Histopathological changes and alterations of main parameters related to oxidative stress and inflammatory responses in the liver were evaluated. Further, lambda-cyhalothrin metabolites [3-(2-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid (CFMP), 4-hydroxyphenoxybenzoic acid (4-OH-3-PBA), and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA)] in the liver tissues were identified and quantified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadripole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS-Q-ToF). Results revealed that LTC exposure significantly increased markers of hepatic oxidative stress in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner, and this was associated with an accumulation of CFMP and 3-PBA in the liver tissues. In addition, the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-6 and IL-1β) gene expressions were significantly increased in the liver of exposed rats compared to controls. Correlation analyses revealed that CFMP and 3-PBA metabolite levels in the liver tissues were significantly correlated with the indexes of oxidative stress, redox status, and inflammatory markers in rats exposed to lambda-cyhalothin. Overall, this study provided novel evidence that hepatic damage is likely due to increased oxidative stress and inflammation under the condition of acute and subchronic exposure to lambda-cyhalothrin and that LTC metabolites (CFMP and 3-PBA) could be used as potential biomarker in human biomonitoring studies.
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Abbreviations
- ALAT:
-
Alanine aminotransferase
- AOPP:
-
Advanced oxidation protein products
- ASAT:
-
Aspartate aminotransferase
- CAT:
-
Catalase
- CFMP:
-
3-(2-Chloro-3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-enyl)-2,2-dimethyl-cyclopropane carboxylic acid
- CYP450:
-
Cytochrome P450
- CYP2E:
-
Cytochrome P450 2E1
- CYP1A:
-
Cytochrome P450 1A
- GSH:
-
Glutathione
- GPx:
-
Glutathione peroxidase
- IL-6:
-
Interleukin 6
- IL-1β:
-
Interleukin 1β
- IFN:
-
Interferon gamma-γ
- iNOS:
-
Nitric oxide synthases
- LTC:
-
Lambda-cyhalothrin
- LPO:
-
Lipid peroxidation
- MDA:
-
Malondialdehyde
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- NPSH:
-
Non-protein bound
- 4-OH-3-PBA:
-
4-Hydroxyphenoxybenzoic acid
- 3-PBA:
-
3-Phenoxybenzoic acid
- PYRs:
-
Synthetic pyrethroids
- PCO:
-
Protein carbonyl
- RNS:
-
Reactive nitrogen species
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- RT-qPCR:
-
Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction
- SOD:
-
Superoxide dismutase
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-α
- t-SH:
-
Total sulfhydryl groups
- UHPLC-MS-Q-ToF:
-
Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to quadripole time-of-flight mass spectrometry
- Vit C:
-
Acid ascorbic
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Aouey, B., Derbali, M., Chtourou, Y. et al. Pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin and its metabolites induce liver injury through the activation of oxidative stress and proinflammatory gene expression in rats following acute and subchronic exposure. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 5841–5856 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8323-4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8323-4