References
Afflerbach, P. (1990). The influence of prior knowledge on expert readers' main idea construction strategies. Reading Research Quarterly, 25, 31–46.
Afflerbach, P. (2000). Verbal reports and protocol analysis. In M. L. Kamil, P. B. Mosenthal, P. D. Pearson, & R. Barr (Eds.), Handbook of Reading Research. Volume III (pp. 163–179). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Afflerbach, P., Pearson, D., & Paris, S. (in preparation). Clarifying differences between reading skills and strategies.
Alexander, P. A., Schallert, D. L., & Hare, V. C. (1991). Coming to terms: How researchers in learning and literacy talk about knowledge. Review of Educational Research, 61, 315–343.
Alexander, J. M., Carr, M. & Schwanenflugel, P. J. (1995). Development of metacognition in gifted children: Directions for future research. Developmental Review, 15, 1–37.
Baker, L. (1994). Fostering metacognitive development. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior. Vol. 25 (pp. 201–239). San Diego: Academic Press.
Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental Psychology, 25, 729–735.
Berk, L. E. (2003). Child Development (6th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Boekaerts, M. (1997). Self-regulated learning: A new concept embraced by researchers, policy makers, educators, teachers, and students. Learning and Instruction, 7, 161–186.
Borkowski, J. G. (1992). Metacognitive theory: A framework for teaching literacy, writing, and math skills. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 25, 253–257.
Brown, A. L. (1978). Knowing when, where, and how to remember: A problem of metacognition. In R. Glaser (Ed.), Advances in instructional psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 77–165). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Brown, A. L., & DeLoache, J. S. (1978). Skills, plans, and self-regulation. In R. S. Siegel (Ed.), Children's thinking: What develops? (pp. 3–35). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Brown, A. L., & Palincsar, A. S. (1987). Reciprocal teaching of comprehension skills: A natural history of one program for enhancing learning. In J. D. Day, & J. G. Borkowski (Eds.). Intelligence and exceptionality: New directions for theory, assessment, and instructional practices (pp. 81–131). Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Desoete, A., & Roeyers, H. (2003). Can off-line metacognition enhance mathematical problem solving? Journal of Educational Psychology, 95, 188–200.
Dunlosky, J., & Nelson, T. O. (1992). Importance of the kind of cue for judgment of learning (JOL) and the delayed-JOL effect. Memory & Cognition, 20, 374–380.
Efklides, A., & Vauras, M. (1999). Introduction. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 14, 455–459.
Elshout-Mohr, M., Van Hout-Wolters, B., & Broekkamp, H. (1999). Mapping situations in classroom and research: Eight types of instructional-learning episodes. Learning and Instruction, 9, 57–75.
Flavell, J. H. (1979). Metacognition and cognitive monitoring. American Psychologist, 34, 906–911.
Flavell, J. H. (2004). Theory-of-mind development: Retrospect and prospect. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 50, 274–290.
Flavell, J. H., & Wellman, H. M. (1977). Metamemory. In R. V. Kail, & J. W. Hagen (Eds.), Perspectives on the development of memory and cognition (pp. 3–33). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.
Glaser, R., Schauble, L., Raghavan, K., & Zeitz, C. (1992). Scientific reasoning across different domains. In E de Corte, M. C. Linn, H. Mandl, & L. Verschaffel (Eds.), Computer-based learning environments and problem solving (NATO ASI series F, Vol. 84, pp. 345–371). Heidelberg: Springer Verlag.
Harris, K. R., Reid, R. R., & Graham, S. (2004). Self-regulation among students with LD and ADHD. In B. Y. L. Wong (Ed.), Learning about learning disabilities, 3rd ed. (pp. 167–195). San Diego: Elsevier Academic Press.
Kelemen, W. L., Frost, P. J., & Weaver III, C. A. (2000). Individual differences in metacognition: Evidence against a general metacognitive ability. Memory & Cognition, 28, 92–107.
Kinnunen, R., & Vauras, M. (1995). Comprehension monitoring and the level of comprehension in high- and low-achieving primary school children's reading. Learning and Instruction, 5, 143–165.
Kluwe, R. H. (1987). Executive decisions and regulation of problem solving behavior. In F. E. Weinert, & R. H. Kluwe (Eds.), Metacognition, motivation, and understanding (pp. 31–64). Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
Kramarski, B., & Mevarech, Z. R. (2003). Enhancing mathematical reasoning in the classroom: The effects of cooperative learning and metacognitive training. American Educational Research Journal, 40, 281–310.
Kuhn, D. (1999). Metacognitive development. In L. Balter & C. S. Tamis-LeMonda (Eds.), Child psychology. A handbook of contemporary issues (pp. 259–286). Philadelphia: Psychology Press.
Leutner, D., & Leopold, C. (2000). Selbstreguliertes Lernen als Selbstregulation von Lernstrategien-Ein Trainingsexperiment mit Berufstätigen zum Lernen aus Sachtexten. Unterrichtswissenschaft, 31, 38–56.
Mason, L., & Scrivani, L. (2004). Enhancing students' mathematical beliefs: An intervention study. Learning and Instruction, 14, 153–176.
Masui, C., & de Corte, E. (1999). Enhancing learning and problem solving skills: Orienting and self-judging, two powerful and trainable learning tools. Learning and Instruction, 9, 517–542.
Meijer, J., Veenman, M. V. J. & Van Hout-Wolters, B. H. A. M. (in press). Metacognitive activities in text studying and problem solving: Development of a taxonomy. Educational Research and Evaluation.
Metcalfe, J., & Shimamura, A. P. (Eds.) (1994). Metacognition. Knowing about knowing. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Nelson, T. O. (1996). Consciousness and metacognition. American Psychologist, 51, 102–116.
Nist, S. L., Simpson, M. L., & Olejnik, S. (1991). The relation between self-selected study processes and test performance. American Educational Research Journal, 28, 849–874.
Otero, J., Campanario, J. M., & Hopkins, K. D. (1992). The relationship between academic achievement and metacognitive comprehension monitoring ability of Spanish secondary school students. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 419–430.
Pellegrino, J. W., Chudowsky, N., & Glaser, S. (Eds.) (2002). Knowing what students know: The science and design of educational assessment. Washington DC: National Research Center.
Pinon, K, Allain, P., Kefi, M. Z., Dubas, F., & Le Gall, D. (2005). Monitoring processes and metamemory experience in patients with dysexecutive syndrome. Brain and Cognition, 57, 185–188.
Pintrich, P. R., & De Groot, E. V. (1990). Motivational and self-regulated leaning components of classroom academic performance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 33–40.
Pintrich, P. R., & Schunk, D. H. (2002). Motivation in education. Theory, research, and applications, (2nd ed). Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Pressley, M. (2000). Development of grounded theories of complex cognitive processing: Exhaustive within- and between study analyses of thinking-aloud data. In G. Schraw, & J. C. Impara (Eds.), Issues in the measurement of metacognition (pp. 262–296). Lincoln, NE: Buros Institute of Mental Measurements.
Pressley, M., & Afflerbach, P. (1995). Verbal protocols of reading: The nature of constructively responsive reading. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Reder, L. M. (1996). Implicit Memory and Metacognition. Mahwah: Erlbaum.
Salomon, G., & Perkins, D. N. (1989). Rocky roads to transfer: Rethinking mechanisms of a neglected phenomenon. Educational Psychologist, 24, 113–142.
Schnotz, W. (1992). Metacognition and self regulation in text processing: Some comments. In M. Carretero, M. L. Pope, R. J. Simons, & J. I. Pozo (Eds.), Learning and instruction. European research in an international context, Vol. 3 (pp. 365–375). Elsmford, NY: Pergamon Press.
Schraw, G., & Moshman, D. (1995). Metacognitive theories. Educational Psychology Review, 7, 351–371.
Schraw, G., & Nietfeld, J. (1998). A further test of the general monitoring skill hypothesis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90, 236–248.
Schraw, G., Dunkle, M. E., Bendixen, L. D., & Roedel, T. D. (1995). Does a general monitoring skill exist? Journal of Educational Psychology, 87, 433–444.
Sternberg, R. J. (1990). Metaphors of the mind: Conceptions of the nature of intelligence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Swanson, H. L., Christie, L. and Rubadeau, R. J. (1993). The Relationship between metacognition and analogical reasoning in mentally retarded, learning disabled, average, and gifted children. Learning Disabilities Research, 8, 70–81.
Thomas, G. (2003). Conceptualisation, development and validation of an instrument for investigating the metacognitive orientations of science classroom learning environments: The Metacognitive Orientation Learning Environment Scale–Science (MOLES–S). Learning Environment Research, 6, 175–197.
Thorpe, K. J., & Satterly, D. J. H. (1990). The development and inter-relationship of metacognitive components among primary school children. Educational Psychology, 10, 5–21.
Tobias, S., & Everson, H. T. (1997). Studying the relationship between affective and metacognitive variables. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 10, 59–81.
Van Hout-Wolters, B. (2000). Assessing active self-directed learning. In: R. Simons, J. van der Linden, & T. Duffy (Eds.), New learning (pp. 83–101). Dordrecht: Kluwer.
Van Kraayenoord, C. E., & Schneider, W. E. (1999). Reading achievement, metacognition, reading self-concept and interest: A study of German students in grade 3 and 4. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 14, 305–324.
Veenman, M. V. J. (1998). Kennis en vaardigheden; Soorten kennis een vaardigheden die relevant zijn voor reken-wiskunde taken. [Knowledge and skills that are relevant to math tasks]. In A. Andeweg, J. E. H. van Luit, M. V. J. Veenman, & P. C. M. Vendel, (Eds.), Hulp bij leerproblemen; Rekenen-wiskunde (pp. G0050.1–13). Alphen a/d Rijn: Kluwer.
Veenman, M. V. J. (2005). The assessment of metacognitive skills: What can be learned from multi-method designs? In C. Artelt, & B. Moschner (Eds), Lernstrategien und Metakognition: Implikationen für Forschung und Praxis (pp. 75–97). Berlin: Waxmann.
Veenman, M. V. J., & Beishuizen, J. J. (2004). Intellectual and metacognitive skills of novices while studying texts under conditions of text difficulty and time constraint. Learning and Instruction, 14, 619–638.
Veenman, M. V. J., & Spaans, M. A. (2005). Relation between intellectual and metacognitive skills: Age and task differences. Learning and Individual Differences, 15, 159–176.
Veenman, M. V. J. & Verheij, J. (2003). Identifying technical students at risk: Relating general versus specific metacognitive skills to study success. Learning and Individual Differences, 13, 259–272.
Veenman, M. V. J., Elshout, J. J., & Groen, M. G. M. (1993). Thinking aloud: Does it affect regulatory processes in learning. Tijdschrift voor Onderwijsresearch, 18, 322–330.
Veenman, M. V. J., Elshout, J. J., & Busato, V. V. (1994). Metacognitive mediation in learning with computer-based simulations. Computers in Human Behavior, 10, 93–106.
Veenman, M. V. J., Elshout, J. J., & Meijer, J. (1997). The generality vs. domain-specificity of metacognitive skills in novice learning across domains. Learning and Instruction, 7, 187–209.
Veenman, M. V. J., Kerseboom, L, & Imthorn, C. (2000). Test anxiety and metacognitive skillfulness: Availability versus production deficiencies. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 13, 391–412.
Veenman, M.V.J., Kok, R. & Kuilenburg, J. (2001). Intelligence and metacognitive skillfulness in secondary education. In F. Oser & U. Baets (Eds.), 9th European Conference on Learning and Instruction, Abstract Volume (pp. 166). Aachen: Mainz.
Veenman, M. V. J., Prins, F. J., & Elshout, J. J. (2002). Initial learning in a complex computer simulated environment: The role of metacognitive skills and intellectual ability. Computers in Human Behavior, 18, 327–342.
Veenman, M. V. J., Prins, F. J., & Verheij, J. (2003). Learning styles: Self-reports versus thinking-aloud measures. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 73, 357–372.
Veenman, M. V. J., Wilhelm, P., & Beishuizen, J. J. (2004). The relation between intellectual and metacognitive skills from a developmental perspective. Learning and Instruction, 14, 89–109.
Veenman, M. V. J., Kok, R., & Blöte, A. W. (2005). The relation between intellectual and metacognitive skills at the onset of metacognitive skill development. Instructional Science, 33, 193–211.
Volet, S. E. (1991). Modelling and coaching of relevant metacognitive strategies for enhancing university students' learning. Learning and Instruction, 1, 319–336.
Wang, M. C., Haertel, G. D., & Walberg, H. J. (1990). What influences learning? A content analysis of review literature. Journal of Educational Research, 84, 30–43.
Whitebread, D. (1999). Interactions between children's metacognitive abilities, working memory capacity, strategies and performance during problem-solving. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 14, 489–507.
Winne, P. H. (1996). A metacognitive view of individual differences in self-regulated learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 8, 327–353.
Zhang, L. J. (2001). Awareness in reading: EFL students' metacognitive knowledge of reading strategies in an acquisition-poor environment. Language Awareness, 10, 268–288.
Zimmerman, B. J. (1995). Self-regulation involves more than metacognition: A social cognitive perspective. Educational Psychologist, 30, 217–221.
Zimmerman, B. J., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1990). Student differences in self-regulated learning: relating grade, sex, and giftedness to self-efficacy and strategy use. Journal of Educational Psychology, 82, 51–59.
Zohar, A. (1999). Teachers' metacognitive knowledge and the instruction of higher order thinking. Teaching and Teacher Education, 15, 413–429.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Veenman, M.V.J., Van Hout-Wolters, B.H.A.M. & Afflerbach, P. Metacognition and learning: conceptual and methodological considerations. Metacognition Learning 1, 3–14 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-006-6893-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11409-006-6893-0