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Sucres, addiction et obésité

Sugar, addiction and obesity

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Obésité

Résumé

Après une analyse approfondie du concept médical d’addiction, cette revue décrit les recherches récentes sur l’addiction à la nourriture et aux sucres raffinés (ex. saccharose, fructose) et son rôle dans l’étiologie de l’obésité. Les recherches cliniques ont établi l’existence de cette forme d’addiction dont la prévalence est particulièrement élevée chez certaines personnes obèses. L’addiction à la nourriture et aux sucres est corrélée à des altérations fonctionnelles dans les circuits du cerveau impliqués dans l’apprentissage par récompense, la motivation et le contrôle des impulsions. Ces altérations ressemblent à celles observées dans l’addiction aux drogues (ex. cocaïne). Les études précliniques chez l’animal ont montré que ces altérations neurobiologiques peuvent être causées par la surconsommation chronique de produits riches en sucres (et/ou en graisses). Cependant, tous les individus (obèses ou non) ne développent pas une addiction à la nourriture et aux sucres, ce qui suggère la présence d’une vulnérabilité initiale dont l’origine reste à élucider.

Abstract

This review begins with an in-depth analysis of the medical concept of addiction and then describes recent research on food and sugar addiction and its role in obesity. Clinical research has established the existence of an addiction to food and refined sugars (ex. sucrose, fructose) whose prevalence is particularly high in some obese people. Food or sugar addiction is associated with functional changes in brain circuits involved in reinforcement learning, motivation and impulse control. These changes are similar to those seen in drug addiction (e.g., cocaine). Preclinical research on animals has shown that these brain changes can be caused by chronic overconsumption of high-sugar (or high-fat) foods. However, not all individuals (obese or not) go on to develop food and sugar addiction, suggesting the presence of an initial vulnerability whose origin remains to be understood.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Université Bordeaux-Segalen, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, CNRS UMR 5293, 146 rue Léo-Saignat, 33000, Bordeaux, France

    S. H. Ahmed

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Correspondence to S. H. Ahmed.

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Ahmed, S.H. Sucres, addiction et obésité. Obes 7, 3–9 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11690-012-0307-z

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