Skip to main content
Log in

Leadership and the role of communication in public marketing management

  • Original Article
  • Published:
International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper focuses on the leadership and communication as an information source in decision-making. The paper considers models of communication and debate in a public environment. The paper proposes: (I) a normative model showing how communication can be conducted; and (II) a content analysis of three Obama vs. McCain presidential debates with a multidimensional scaling and a Delphi method application. This paper analyse the association of the messages in debates with debaters and the comparison between their use and the results (communicated through instant polls after each debate). Findings indicate that arguments of leaders in presidential debates can explain the behavior of the followers and could be used for forecast analysis since reveal future political decisions. Causes of the economic crisis and strategies for solution were identified.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Baxter, L. A. (1988). A dialectical perspective on communication strategies in relationship development. In S. W. Duck, D. F. Hay, S. E. Hobfoll, W. Ickes, & B. Montgomery (Eds.), Handbook of personal relationships (pp. 257–273). Chichester: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bélanger, E., & Soroka, S. (2012). Campaigns and the prediction of election outcomes: Can historical and campaign-period prediction models be combined? Electoral Studies, 31, 702–714.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benoit, W. L., & Harthcock, A. (1999). Functions of the great debates: Acclaims, attacks, and defense in the 1960 presidential debates. Communication Monographs, 66, 341–357.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bligh, M. C., & Kohles, J. C. (2009). The enduring allure of charisma: How Barack Obama won the historic 2008 presidential election. The Leadership Quarterly, 20, 483–492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Callahan, K. (2006) Elements of effective governance: measurement, accountability and participation. CRC Press, 360 p.

  • Carroll, J.D. and Wish, M. (2002) “Multidimensional Scaling: Models, Methods, and Relations to Delphi”, in The Delphi Method Techniques and Applications. Harold A. Linstone and Murray Turoff (Ed.).

  • Casasanto, D., & Jasmin, K. (2010). Good and bad in the hands of politicians: Spontaneous gestures during positive and negative speech. PlosOne, 5(7), 1–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cicerón, M.T. (1992) El orador. Traducción tovar & bujaldón. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas C.S.I.C.

  • Cicerón, M.T. (1996) De oratore. Books I–II/Cicero, with an English translation by E.W. Sutton, completed, with an introduction by H. Rackham, 1st ed, 6th repr. rev. Cambridge (MA), London: Harvard University Press.

  • Davis, K. M., & Gardner, W. L. (2012). Charisma under crisis revisited: Presidential leadership, perceived leader effectiveness, and contextual influences. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(4), 918–933.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Den Hartog & Verburg (1997) Charisma and rhetoric: Communicative techniques of international business leaders. Leadership Quarterly. Greenwich, Vol. 8, Iss. 4; pg. 355, 37 pgs

  • Descartes, R. (1649) A discourse of a method for the well guiding of reason, and the discovery of truth in the sciences. Printed by Thomas Newcombe, London.

  • Donmoyer, R. (1993). Art criticism as a guide to student evaluation. Theory into Practice, 32(4), 252–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Easton, G., & Araujo, L. (1997). Management research and literary criticism. British Journal of Management, 8, 99–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ekman, P., & Friesen, W. (1969). The repertoire of nonverbal behavior: Categories, origins, usage and coding. Semiotica, 1, 49–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Festinger, L. (1962). A theory of cognitive dissonance. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, F (2006) Deliberative policy analysis as practical reason: Integrating empirical and normative arguments. In Handbook of public policy analysis. Frank Fischer, Gerald Miller, Mara S. Sidney (Ed.), CRC Press, 223–236.

  • Fischer, F., Forester J. (1993) The Argumentative turn in policy analysis and planning. Duke University Press, 327p.

  • Gallo, C. (2008). How to inspire people like Obama does. March: BusinessWeek. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • González, J. F. (1998). El Lenguaje Corporal: Claves de la comunicación no verbal. Madrid: Edimat Libros S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodell, J. W., & Vahamaa, S. (2013). US presidential elections and implied volatility: The role of political uncertainty. Journal of Banking and Finance, 37(3), 1108–1117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, A., & Miller, J. L. (2004). Values and persuasion during the first Bush–Gore presidential debate. Political Communication, 21(1), 71–92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gottweis, H. (2006). Rhetoric in policy making: between logos, ethos, and phatos. In: F. Fischer, G. Miller, M. S. Sidney (Ed.) Handbook of public policy analysis. CRC Press, 223–236.

  • Gronbeck, B.E. (2004). Rhetoric and politics. In: L.L. Kaid (Ed.) Handbook of political communication research. Routledge 135–154.

  • Habermas, J. (1998). On the pragmatics of communication. Cambridge: The MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hajer, M.A. (2003). Deliberative policy analysis: Understanding governance in the network society. Cambridge University Press, 307p.

  • Hart, R. P., & Lind, C. J. (2010). Words and their ways in campaign’08. American Behavioral Scientist, 54(4), 355–381.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatry, H.P. (2007). Performance measurement: Getting results. Urban Institute Press, 326 p.

  • Heider, F. (1946). Attitudes and cognitive organization. Journal of Psychology, 21, 107–12.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. New York: Wiley.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Holzer, M., Yi, S., Lee, S. (2004). Public productivity handbook. CRC Press, 715 p.

  • Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1953). Communication and persuasion. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovland, C. I., Janis, I. L., & Kelley, H. H. (1967). Reinforcement theory. In R. M. Elliot, G. Lindzey, & K. MacCorquodale (Eds.), Theories of attitude change (pp. 12–63). New York: Appleton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jorgensen, C., Kock, C., & Rorbech, L. (1998). Rhetoric that shifts votes: An exploratory study of persuasion in issue-oriented public debates. Political Communication, 15, 3(1), 283–299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I. (2005a). Critica de la razón pura, traducción Pedro Rivas. Madrid: Taurus Ediciones, S.A. Grupo Santillana.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kant, I. (2005b). Metafísica de las costumbres, traducción Adela Cortina Orts. Madrid: Tecnos.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kruskal, J. B. (1964). Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of to a nonmetric hypothesis. Psychometrika, 29, 1–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kruskal, J. B., & Wish, M. (1978). Multidimensional scaling. Beverly Hills: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakatos, I., & Musgrave, A. (1970). Criticism and the growth of knowledge, vol. 4. London: Proceedings of the International Colloquium in the Philosophy of Science, Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lassus, R. (1992). La communication efficace par la PNL (The effective communication for NLP). Alleur: Marabout.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, E., Ewing, M. & Pitt, L. (2004) “Analysing competitors’ online persuasive themes with text mining”. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, Vol. 22 Nº 2 pp.187-200.

  • Lloyd, J. (2009). Keeping both the baby and the bathwater: scoping a new model of political marketing communication. International Review on Public and Non-Profit Marketing, 6, 119–135.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, K. (1992). El capital: Crítica de la economía política. México: Fondo de cultura económica.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCloskey, D. N. (1985). The rhetoric of economics. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCornack, S.A. (1992). Information manipulation theory. Communication Monographs, 59(1), 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDavid, J.C., Hawthorn L.R.L. (2005) Program evaluation & performance measurement: An introduction to practice. SAGE, 477 p.

  • McGee, B. R. (2001). Assessing argumentation in the 2000 political campaigns. Contemporary Argumentation & Debate, 22, 41–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGuire, W. (1961). Resistance to persuasion conferred by active and passive prior refutation of the same and alternative counterarguments. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, September, 63(2), 326–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mehrabian, A. (1971). Silent messages. Belmont: Wadsworth.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mey, J. L. (1993). Pragmatics. Oxford: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, E., & Johnson, J. M. (2011). Strategic Maneuvering in the 2008 Presidential Debates. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(3), 284–306.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norpoth, H., & Perkins, D. F. (2011). War and momentum: The 2008 presidential nominations. PS-Political Science & Politics, 44(3), 536–543.

  • Olson, J., Ouyang, Y., Poe, J., Trantham, A., & Waterman, R. W. (2012). The Teleprompter Presidency: Comparing Obama’s Campaign and Governing Rhetoric. Social Science Quarterly, 93(5), 1402–1423.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ortigueira Bouzada, M. & Ortigueira Sánchez, M. (2001) Liderazgo organizacional: instrumentos para dominar y controlar situaciones y problemas difíciles (Organizational leadership: Instruments to dominate and control situations and difficult problems). Seville: Editorial @ 3D.

  • Ortigueira Sánchez, Luis Camilo (2008). Criticism and Counter-Criticism of Public Management: Strategy Models. In R.A. Oglesby & M.G. Adams (Eds.), Business Research Yearbook, Publication of the International Academy of Business Disciplines, Vol XV number 2, 743–748.

  • Osgood, C., & Tannenbaum, P. (1955). The principle of congruity in the prediction of attitude change. Psychology Review, 62, 42–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pease, A. (1994). El lenguaje del cuerpo. Barcelona: Ediciones Altaya S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poister, T.H. (2003). Measuring performance in public and nonprofit organizations. John Wiley and Sons, 289p

  • Rank, H. (1976). Teaching about public persuasion. In D. Dietrich (Ed.), Teaching and doublespeak. Urbana: National Council of Teachers of English.

    Google Scholar 

  • Real, J.E. (2001). Escalamiento Multidimensional (Multi-dimensional Scaling). Edit. La Muralla, Edit. Hespérides. Madrid.

  • Rokeach, M., & Rothman, G. (1965). The principle of belief congruence and the congruity principle as models of cognitive interaction. Psychological Review, 72, 128–142.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Salanti, A. (1989). Distinguishing ‘Internal’ from ‘external’ criticism in economic methodology. History of Political Economy, 21(4), 635–639.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seyranian, V., & Bligh, M. C. (2008). Presidential charismatic leadership: Exploring the rhetoric of social change. The Leadership Quarterly, 19, 54–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shapiro, I. (1992). Political criticism. Berkeley: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, I. (1986). “Silent signals”, Supervisory Management, vol. 31. Iss., 3, 31–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherif, M., & Hovland, C. I. (1961). Social judgment. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silverman, B. (1992). Survey of expert critiquing systems: Practical and theoretical frontiers. Communications of the ACM, 35(4), 106–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Studer, J. (1999). Guía práctica de oratoria. Madrid: Editorial El Drac, S.L.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tresch, A. (2009). Politicians in the media: Determinants of legislators’ presence and prominence in Swiss newspapers. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 14(1), 67–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vahidov, R., & Elrod, R. (1999). Incorporating critique and argumentation in DSS. Decision Support Systems, 26, 249–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vahidov, R., & Fazlollahi, B. (2004). Pluralistic multi-agent decision support system: A framework and an empirical test. Information & Management, 41(7), 883–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Buuren, A. W., Klijn, E.-H., & Edelenbos, J. (2012). Democratic legitimacy of new forms of water management in the Netherlands. International Journal of Water Resources Development, 28(4), 629–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Von Wartburg, W. P. (1998). Dealing with public criticism—The lessons of experience. Strategic Communication Management, 2(4), 38–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walliser, B. (1977). Systèmes et modèles. Introduction critique à l’analyse de systèmes (pp. 220–222). Paris: aux Éditions du Seuil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, B. R., Carlin, D. B., Winfrey, K., Schnoebelen, J., & Trosanovski, M. (2011). Will the “Real” Candidates for President and Vice President Please Stand Up? 2008 Pre- and Post-Debate Viewer Perceptions of Candidate Image. American Behavioral Scientist, 55(3), 232–252.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wholey, J.S., Hatry, H.P., Newcomer K.E. (2004). Handbook of practical program evaluation. John Wiley and Sons, 720 p.

  • Wilson-Kratzer, J. M., & Benoit, W. L. (2010). A functional analysis of press releases from Senator Barack Obama and Senator John McCain during the 2008 primary presidential election. Public Relations Review, 36, 178–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Luis Camilo Ortigueira-Sánchez.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Ortigueira-Sánchez, L.C. Leadership and the role of communication in public marketing management. Int Rev Public Nonprofit Mark 11, 13–29 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-013-0105-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12208-013-0105-9

Keywords

Navigation