Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

The development of the SGI-16: a shortened sensory gating deficit and distractibility questionnaire for adults with ADHD

  • Original Article
  • Published:
ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders

Abstract

The Sensory Gating Inventory (SGI) is a questionnaire composed of 36 items designed to investigate abnormal perception related to the inability to control sensitivity to sensory stimuli frequently reported in adult with ADHD. This questionnaire can be considered too lengthy to be taken by people with ADHD, and a shortened version is needed. One hundred and sixty-three adults with ADHD responded to the SGI-36. An item reduction process took into account both the results of statistical analyses and the expertise of a steering committee. Construct validity, reliability, and external validity were tested for a short version (16 items). The structure of the SGI-16 was confirmed by principal components factor analysis. Cronbach’s alpha coefficients ranged from 0.78 to 0.89. The SGI-16 dimension scores were highly correlated with their respective SGI-36 dimension scores. The SGI-16 seems to be both appropriate and useful for use in clinical practice to investigate perceptual abnormalities in adults with ADHD.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdi H (2007) Bonferroni and Sidak corrections for multiple comparisons. Encyclopedia of measurement and statistics. Sage, Thousand Oaks

    Google Scholar 

  • American Psychiatric Association (2014) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder (DSM-5), 5th edn. American Psychiatric Association, Washington

    Google Scholar 

  • Andermann A, Blancquaert I, Beauchamp S, Dery V (2008) Revisiting Wilson and Jungner in the genomic age: a review of screening criteria over the past 40 years. Bull World Health Organ 86(4):317–319

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bar-Shalita T, Seltzer Z, Vatine JJ, Yochman A, Parush S (2009) Development and psychometric properties of the Sensory Responsiveness Questionnaire (SRQ). Disabil Rehabil 31(3):189–201

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, Mock J, Erbaugh J (1961) An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 4:561–571

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Biederman J (2005) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a selective overview. Biol Psychiatry 57(11):1215–1220

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown C, Tollefson N, Dunn W, Cromwell R, Filion D (2001) The Adult Sensory Profile: measuring patterns of sensory processing. Am J Occup Ther 55(1):75–82

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Caci HM, Morin AJ, Tran A (2014) Prevalence and correlates of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults from a French community sample. J Nerv Ment Dis 202(4):324–332

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Camodeca L, Micoulaud Franchi JA, Gabelle A, Dauvilliers Y, Lopez R (2015) What becomes of our elderly hyperactives? Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in older adults. NPG. doi:10.1016/j.npg.2015.04.006

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell DT, Fiske DW (1959) Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychol Bull 56(2):81–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carey RG, Seibert JH (1993) A patient survey system to measure quality improvement: questionnaire reliability and validity. Med Care 31(9):834–845

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • CNIL (2004) Act no 78-17 of 6 January 1978 on Data Processing, Data Files and Individual Liberties (amended by the Act of 6 August 2004 relating to the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data). Journal officiel de la République Française. Assemblée Nationale et Sénat, France

  • Conners C, Epstein J, Johnson D (2001) Conner’s adult ADHD diagnostic interview for DSM-IV: CAADID: technical manual. MHS, Torronto

    Google Scholar 

  • Cronbach LJ, Meehl PE (1955) Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychol Bull 52(4):281–302

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Durukan I, Yucel M, Erdem M, Kara K, Oz O, Karaman D et al (2011) P50 sensory gating in children and adolescents with ADHD and effects of methylphenidate administration on P50 sensory gating. BCP 21(1):42–48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Faraone SV, Biederman J, Spencer T, Wilens T, Seidman LJ, Mick E et al (2000) Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: an overview. Biol Psychiatry 48(1):9–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fayyad J, De Graaf R, Kessler R, Alonso J, Angermeyer M, Demyttenaere K et al (2007) Cross-national prevalence and correlates of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Br J Psychiatry 190:402–409

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghanizadeh A (2011) Sensory processing problems in children with ADHD, a systematic review. Psychiatry Investig 8(2):89–94

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gorsuch R (1983) Factor analysis, 2nd edn. Erlbaum, Hillsdale

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetrick WP, Erickson MA, Smith DA (2012) Phenomenological dimensions of sensory gating. Schizophr Bull 38(1):178–191

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudziak JJ, Althoff RR, Derks EM, Faraone SV, Boomsma DI (2005) Prevalence and genetic architecture of child behavior checklist-juvenile bipolar disorder. Biol Psychiatry 58(7):562–568

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E et al (2005) The World Health Organization Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS): a short screening scale for use in the general population. Psychol Med 35(2):245–256

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kisley MA, Noecker TL, Guinther PM (2004) Comparison of sensory gating to mismatch negativity and self-reported perceptual phenomena in healthy adults. Psychophysiology 41(4):604–612

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micoulaud Franchi JA, Faugere M, Boyer L, Cermolacce M, Fond G, Richieri R et al. (2016a) Sensory gating deficits and impaired quality of life in patients with schizophrenia: a preliminary study. Psychiat Danubina 28(3):225–233

    Google Scholar 

  • Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Hetrick WP, Boyer L, Bolbecker A, Aramaki M, Ystad S et al (2014) Validation of the French sensory gating inventory: a confirmatory factor analysis. Psychiatry Res 220(3):1106–1112

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Lopez R, Vaillant F, Richieri R, El-Kaim A, Bioulac S et al (2015a) Perceptual abnormalities related to sensory gating deficit are core symptoms in adults with ADHD. Psychiatry Res 230(2):357–363

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Vaillant F, Lopez R, Peri P, Baillif A, Brandejsky L et al (2015b) Sensory gating in adult with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: event-evoked potential and perceptual experience reports comparisons with schizophrenia. Biol Psychol 107:16–23

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Micoulaud-Franchi JA, Lopez R, Cermolacce M, Vaillant F, Peri P, Boyer L et al. (2016b) Sensory gating capacity and attentional function in adults with ADHD: a preliminary neurophysiological and neuropsychological study. J Atten Disord. doi:10.1177/1087054716629716

  • Miller LJ, Anzalone ME, Lane SJ, Cermak SA, Osten ET (2007) Concept evolution in sensory integration: a proposed nosology for diagnosis. Am J Occup Ther 61(2):135–140

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Morin AJ, Tran A, Caci H (2016) Factorial validity of the ADHD adult symptom rating scale in a French community sample: results from the ChiP-ARDS Study. J Atten Disord 20(6):530–541

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nunnally J, Bernstein I (1994) Psychometric theory, 3rd edn. McGraw-Hill, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Olincy A, Ross RG, Harris JG, Young DA, McAndrews MA, Cawthra E et al (2000) The P50 auditory event-evoked potential in adult attention-deficit disorder: comparison with schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 47(11):969–977

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds S, Lane SJ (2008) Diagnostic validity of sensory over-responsivity: a review of the literature and case reports. J Autism Dev Disord 38(3):516–529

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sable JJ, Kyle MR, Knopf KL, Schully LT, Brooks MM, Parry KH et al (2012) The Sensory Gating Inventory as a potential diagnostic tool for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord 4(3):141–144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheehan DV, Lecrubier Y, Sheehan KH, Amorim P, Janavs J, Weiller E et al (1998) The Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): the development and validation of a structured diagnostic psychiatric interview for DSM-IV and ICD-10. J Clin Psychiatry 59(Suppl 20):22–33 (quiz 34-57)

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Linden WJ, Hambleton R (1997) Handbook of modern item response theory. Springer, Berlin

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Venables PH (1964) Input dysfunction in schizophrenia. Prog Exp Pers Res 72:1–47

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ward MF, Wender PH, Reimherr FW (1993) The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 150(6):885–890

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ware JE Jr (2008) Improvements in short-form measures of health status: introduction to a series. J Clin Epidemiol 61(1):1–5

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White PM, Yee CM (1997) Effects of attentional and stressor manipulations on the P50 gating response. Psychophysiology 34(6):703–711

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White PM, Kanazawa A, Yee CM (2005) Gender and suppression of mid-latency ERP components during stress. Psychophysiology 42(6):720–725

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson J, Jungner Y (1968) Principles and practice of screening for disease. In: World Health Organization Public Health Paper

  • WMA (2008) Declaration of Helsinki, ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects. World Medical Association, General Assembly, Seoul

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright B, Stone M (1979) Best test design: Rasch measurement. MESA Press, Chicago

    Google Scholar 

  • Yochman A, Parush S, Ornoy A (2004) Responses of preschool children with and without ADHD to sensory events in daily life. Am J Occup Ther 58(3):294–302

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

Special thanks to Mélanie Faugère for collecting and monitoring data and for administrative, technical, and logistic support.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Services d’explorations fonctionnelles du système nerveux, Clinique du sommeil, CHU de Bordeaux, Place Amélie Raba-Leon, 33076, Bordeaux, France

    Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi, Stéphanie Bioulac & Pierre Philip

  2. Univ Bordeaux, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000, Bordeaux, France

    Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi, Stéphanie Bioulac & Pierre Philip

  3. CNRS, SANPSY, USR 3413, F-33000, Bordeaux, France

    Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi, Stéphanie Bioulac & Pierre Philip

  4. Service de Neurologie, Unité des Troubles du Sommeil, Hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France

    Régis Lopez

  5. Inserm U1061, 34000, Montpellier, France

    Régis Lopez

  6. Laboratoire de santé publique évaluation des systèmes de soins et santé perçue, Université de la Méditerranée - EA 3279 - Faculté de Médecine, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385, Marseille Cedex 05, France

    Pierre Michel, Laura Brandejsky, Christophe Lancon & Laurent Boyer

  7. Pôle de Psychiatrie Conception, 145 boulevard Baille, 13006, Marseille, France

    Laura Brandejsky, Christophe Lancon & Laurent Boyer

Authors
  1. Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Régis Lopez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pierre Michel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Laura Brandejsky
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Stéphanie Bioulac
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Pierre Philip
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Christophe Lancon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Laurent Boyer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jean-Arthur Micoulaud-Franchi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors report no conflicts of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Micoulaud-Franchi, JA., Lopez, R., Michel, P. et al. The development of the SGI-16: a shortened sensory gating deficit and distractibility questionnaire for adults with ADHD. ADHD Atten Def Hyp Disord 9, 179–187 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-016-0215-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12402-016-0215-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation