Research reportVariability as a characteristic of immature motor systems: an electromyographic study of swimming in the newborn rat
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Locomotion and dynamic posture: neuro-evolutionary basis of bipedal gait
2020, Neurophysiologie CliniqueCoordinated network functioning in the spinal cord: An evolutionary perspective
2006, Journal of Physiology ParisCitation Excerpt :Interestingly, as described in the mudpuppy (Wheatley et al., 1994), interneurons that fire during the flexor phase (or the transition between flexion and extension) are located mainly in the rostral part of the cervical cord (C6/C7 segments), whereas interneurons that are active during extension (or the transition between extension and flexion) are found more caudally (C7–T1, Yamaguchi, 1992). Based on behavioural experiments first performed on neonatal rats during swimming, where a strong coordination exists between fore- and hindlimb EMG rhythmic activities (Cazalets et al., 1990), the spinal localisation of the forelimb locomotor generators was later investigated in spinal cord preparations in vitro. When chemically activated by neuroactive agents such as NMA and serotonin (Fig. 4B), rhythmic ventral root activity was found to be generated at the cervical (C8) level of the cord and in an in-phase coordination with homolateral lumbar (L5) output, similar to that observed in the freely moving animal (Cazalets and Bertrand, 2000b; Juvin et al., 2005).
The early development of motor control in neonate rat
2006, Comptes Rendus - PalevolCitation Excerpt :The swimming paradigm allows producing early alternate limb beating, by relaxing the postural constraints, but the meaning of these gaits suffers from a strong limitation, because swimming does not require the same fore- hind limbs coordination than walking. This could explain the higher variability and the progressive reduction in forelimb coupling in swimming neonate rats [15]. The ambiguity on the nature of the movement of pups after water immersion strongly reduces the pertinence of the swimming paradigm for studying the evolution of limb coordinations.