Differentiation of resistance in cattle to larval Hypoderma lineatum
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Cited by (44)
Myiasis of domestic and wild ruminants caused by Hypodermatinae in the Mediterranean and Indian subcontinent
2017, Veterinary ParasitologyCitation Excerpt :Consequently, larval survival depends on modulation of the immune system to avoid harmful immune responses. Some authors, including Gingrich (1980) and Colwell (2001), have reported that the immune response begins during the early stages of the parasite life cycle, with most larvae dying shortly after entering the host, suggesting that the host immune responses are activated by L1 s when they enter the animal. However, there is also evidence that resistance mechanisms became more apparent at the later stages of infestation, supporting the idea that considerable larval destruction might take place in previously sensitised animals when they are first detected on the back (Pruett and Kunz, 1996; Panadero et al., 2013).
An overview on different aspects of hypodermosis: Current status and future prospects
2016, Acta TropicaCitation Excerpt :The development of vaccines against these fly i.e. Hypoderma has been relatively quiescent for more than 10 years despite the rapid development of genomic and proteomic analysis and of skills in data interpretation (Sandeman et al., 2014). Cattle develop resistance to Hypoderma spp. following repeated exposure to natural infestations (Gingrich, 1980; Baron and Weintraub, 1986) and artificial exposures (Pruett and Kunz, 1996; Colwell, 2001). Promoting resistance is one of the big challenges in vaccinated cattle with 1st instar secretary proteins (Baron and Weintraub, 1986; Baron and Colwell, 1991; Boulard, 2002).
Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera: Oestridae) warbles
2015, Veterinary ParasitologyCitation Excerpt :Larvae are continuously exposed to host immune effector mechanisms trying to isolate and kill them. Gingrich (1980) reported that immunity mechanisms are especially active in early phases of larvae development, in which larvae mortality is higher. Nevertheless, Pruett and Kunz (1996) pointed out that larvae destruction is very intense in the last stages of development.
Effect of reinfestations on systemic immune responses in cattle naturally infested by Hypoderma sp. (Diptera: Oestridae)
2013, Veterinary ParasitologyCitation Excerpt :According to Panadero et al. (2009) the proteases (hypodermins) secreted by first instars of Hypoderma lineatum are highly immunogenic but they also tend to modulate the host responses in favour of parasite survival, consequently, larval survival depends on the modulation of the immune system to avoid harmful immune responses. Some authors, like Gingrich (1980), reported that the effect of immunity occurs during the early stages of the parasite life-cycle with most larvae dying shortly after entering the host. On the contrary, Pruett and Kunz (1996) stated that host acquired resistance is expressed with larval mortality occurring predominantly late in the life-cycle.
Antigen-specific antibody isotypes, lymphocyte subsets and cytokine profiles in cattle naturally infested by Hypoderma sp. (Diptera: Oestridae)
2012, Veterinary ParasitologyCitation Excerpt :Later, during the mobilisation of L1 from the oesophagus and their arrival to the back, the immune reaction is more intense with a clear predominance of a Th2 response, characterized by high levels of IgG1 and IL-4. According to Gingrich (1980), most larvae that die in resistant hosts may not be able to reach the oesophagus, i.e. they would die shortly after entering their host. Thus, the primary effectors of acquired resistance are functioning in the skin and/or the connective tissues along the migration route and non-existent or non-functional in the oesophagus and subsequent portions of the migration route that lead to larval encapsulation in the back.
Immunohistochemical Characterization of Inflammatory Cells in the Skin of Cattle undergoing Repeated Infestations with Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera: Oestridae) Larvae
2011, Journal of Comparative PathologyCitation Excerpt :Colwell et al. (2008) observed that in experimental infestations previous contact with the parasite did not confer protective immunity, but in this challenge model the skin was bypassed by subcutaneous injection of the larvae. This observation supports the results of Gingrich (1980), who affirmed that the majority of larvae that die in resistant hosts may not be able to reach the oesophagus (i.e. they would die shortly after entering their host). Thus, the effects of immunity appear to occur during the early phases of the infestation.