Algorithm and framework for tower fault caused by ice overload

doi:10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.105126

Engineering Failure Analysis

Volume 121, March 2021, 105126

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.105126 Get rights and content

Highlights

•
To establish the root cause analysis method, for towers collapses located in the Andean mountains.
•
Framework and algorithm is proposed for new design associated to ice loads.
•
Ice loads in cables would be dangerous to the towers at the near future.

Abstract

In the last years, energy transmission companies has challenges in ice conditions caused by climatic change around the world. Overhead lines could be affected for the ice overload over the cable. Especially in Andean mountains higher than 4500 m above mean sea level (mamsl). The target of this study is to establish the root cause analysis and conditions, for towers collapses located in the Andean mountains and the recommendations at the design stage. It is a contribution to new transmission systems associated to climate change; it has dramatically changed the cold and freezing stages in the Peruvian Andes, if this new considerations has not been implemented, then, the towers could be in a degradation process at the near future.

Introduction

Ice loads have caused several failures in towers associated a large overhead lines in mountains. If this transmission line is not design with reliability topology, as rings configuration. The cold phenomena, where each year the layer of ice and snow is increased during the last twelve years [1]. Due to the snow condition, above 4500 mamsl, therefore the developments, criteria and engineering, these countries should apply with care in these different tropical environmental conditions [3]. The analysis should identify the ice composition (ice, snow, frost) to describe the states of frozen water [4].

The objective of this research is to propose a root cause methodology for ice loads influence in transmission lines failures. The promising application of this methodology is to obtain new input data for an assessment for the transmission lines located above 4500 mamsl and the new projects.

This research has been structured as follows: The Section 2 described the methodology and description of the influence of the ice associated to transmission lines, loads, ice acceleration in structures, cables, national with international standards associated to recommend the best practices about this meteorological condition and risk. Section 3, a case study developed with the information of a critical overhead lines with structures in Andean mountain. In the Section 4 a discussion about the assessment of the structures and risk in these structures; finally in the Section 5 a new recommendation for the international standards.

Section snippets

Ice influnce description

•
From the meteorological point of view, frozen water or ice can be classified into several types of ice or snow, depending on the mechanism of formation and properties, as follows:
•
The hail is water frozen, droplets inside the clouds, which, after several cycles of accretion due to rising winds, fall to the ground due to excessive weight [9].
•
The dry snow composed of water crystals, grouped in flakes that fall to the ground because of their weight, when the temperature is below 0 C. Snow is formed

Case study

A freeze defined as the meteorological event in which the temperature in the ground drops below 0 C, one of the conditions for the formation of ice sleeves. In fact, the formation of these ice mats only occurs in the range between 0 C and −10 C. At lower temperatures, the air devoid of moisture that can provide material for accretion by frosting and the possibility of over-cooled liquid rains, in the Fig. 5.

The map of Fig. 5, it indicates the area of Peru where there is a risk of frost. The

Discussion

The stage division of the ice disaster is composed of four stages: Preconditions (associated to the pre-failure period), steady-state progression and multiple failures (during disaster period) and restoration (post-failure period) [38]; recent papers have indicated effective resilience enhancement framework for towers installed, however, the recommendations for new assets are not considered.

The model data, loads, load combinations and the results of the analysis and Design (check for

Conclusion

This research has provided a new methodology in the Fig. 3 and an algorithm for the assessment for the design review and new projects for the Andean Mountain with an altitude over the 4000 mamsl. The ice load has big influence in the fragility and modelling of the overhead lines towers subjected to ice, wind and extreme environmental condition. Due to wind speed, the wind angle of the attack, the distance between towers, horizontal span during the normal operation and construction (rupture of

Grants / financial support

None.

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Ricardo Manuel Arias Velásquez: Conceptualization, Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization, Supervision, Project administration. Jennifer Vanessa Mejía Lara: Methodology, Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing - original draft, Writing - review & editing, Visualization.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Acknowledgements

Author would like to thanks to Universidad Nacional de San Agustín de Arequipa.

References (40)

M. Zhang et al.
Analysis of wind-induced response of down lead transmission line-connection fitting systems in ultrahigh-voltage substations
Eng. Struct.
(2020)
Alvise Rossi et al.
Combined effects of wind and atmospheric icing on overhead transmission lines
J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
(2020)
Enrique Bances et al.
Exoskeletons towards Industrie 4.0: benefits and challenges of the IoT communication architecture
Procedia Manuf.
(2020)
M. Panteli et al.
Influence of extreme weather and climate change on the resilience of power systems: Impacts and possible mitigation strategies
Electr. Power Syst. Res.
(2015)
Z. Song et al.
Skin-stringer interface failure investigation of stringer-stiffened curved composite panels under hail ice impact
Int. J. Impact Eng.
(2018)
A. Klein-Paste
Airplane braking friction on dry snow, wet snow or slush, contaminated runways
Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.
(2018)
G. He et al.
Influence of freezing water conductivity on the positive corona performance of soft rime ice-covered conductor
Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst.
(2019)
K. Szilder
Snow accretion prediction on an inclined cable
Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.
(2019)
Yunliang Chen et al.
PR-KELM: Icing level prediction for transmission lines in smart grid
Fut. Generat. Comput. Syst.
(2020)
C. Mateo et al.
A comprehensive techno-economic assessment of the impact of natural gas-fueled distributed generation in European electricity distribution networks
Energy
(2020)

Keita Yamamoto et al.

Evaluation for characteristics of wet snow accretion on transmission lines - establishment of an experimental method using a vertical plate

Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.

(2020)

Shan Gao et al.

Numerical analysis of the dynamic effects of wine-cup shape power transmission tower-line system under ice-shedding

Structures

(2020)

Yulei Wang

Numerical study of a droplet impact on cylindrical objects: Towards the anti-icing property of power transmission lines

Appl. Surf. Sci.

(2020)

Yongcan Zhu et al.

Experimental study on the thermal conductivity for transmission line icing

Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.

(2016)

Diego Cerrai et al.

Outage prediction models for snow and ice storms

Sustain. Energy Grids Networks

(2020)

Andrzej Flaga et al.

Aerodynamic and aeroelastic wind tunnel model tests of overhead power lines in triangular configuration under different icing conditions

Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.

(2020)

W.u. Xingeng et al.

Verification of DES for flow over rigidly and elastically-mounted circular cylinders in normal and yawed flow

J. Fluids Struct.

(2020)

COES/SINAC, Procedimiento 20 - Ingreso, modificación y retiro de instalaciones en el SEIN, Lima, 2013,...

Ministerio de Energía y Minas - Perú, Código Nacional de Electricidad (Suministro), 2011,...

Bashir M. Suleiman, Kais Daoudi, Atta G. Attaelmanan, Marwan Alzaylaie, Mattias Gustavsson, Modified clay as thermal...

Cited by (4)

On the ice induced damage of reservoir drainage tower: A thermal stress-involved contact simulation
2024, Engineering Failure Analysis
Ice thermal stress is an important factor causing damage to reservoir structures (e.g., drainage towers) in cold regions. It is very important to reveal the damage mechanism of ice thermal stress on reservoir structures to prevent such damage. The key to understanding this mechanism is to figure out the contact force between ice and structure. However, existing models do not investigate how changes in temperature and friction coefficient affect the contact force. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes a thermal stress-involved contact model to simulate the ice-induced structural damage process of reservoirs by integrating the effects of ice temperature, composition and friction coefficient. The friction coefficient is innovatively written as a function of temperature and contact force. The simulation results are consistent with the real ice-induced structural failure of the LJZ reservoir. The agreements between the simulations and engineering observations show that the model can precisely mimic the structural damage process caused by the thermal stress of ice. The temperature-dependent friction coefficient, which changes with temperature, significantly affects the thermal stress and ice displacement results. Therefore, it is imperative to account for the friction coefficient's temperature-dependent variation. In addition, the effects of different temperature rise rates and different boundary conditions on thermal stress and displacement in ice are analyzed. Measures are proposed to prevent damage to the structure due to changes in the boundary conditions.
Object detection in power line infrastructure: A review of the challenges and solutions
2024, Engineering Applications of Artificial Intelligence
Lack of proper maintenance of power line infrastructures is one of the main reasons behind power shortages and major blackouts. Current inspection methods are human-dependent, which is time-consuming and expensive. Recent progress in Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and digital cameras enforces the use of UAVs for power line inspection, reducing the cost and time to a great extent. Deep learning methods have recently proved their efficacy in the automatic analysis of power line data; however, they suffer from numerous challenges. Unlike generic object detection, power line inspection does not have large datasets. The data collection of power line objects is challenging compared to data collection for generic objects. As deep learning methods are data-hungry, difficulty in collecting training data raises class imbalance problems. Also, the real-time inspection of power line components demands compute-efficient deep learning methods, which is also challenging because of the high computational requirements of the generic deep learning-based object detectors. Despite being researched for decades, no object detectors can eliminate the effect of diverse challenges on the performance of deep learning methods. With these considerations, this study thoroughly reviews the existing works in the literature and the methods and approaches adopted in power line inspection to overcome these challenges. We also provide the type of faults addressed in the literature with details on the methods employed for their analysis. Finally, we conclude the review by providing insights into future research directions in power line inspection.
Probability prediction method of transmission line icing fault based on adaptive relevance vector machine
2022, Energy Reports
Citation Excerpt :
According to the basic theory of RVM, not only the value of icing thickness, but also its variance caused by noise can be achieved, which gives statistical significance to the forecasting results and contributes to fault probability prediction of transmission line. The fault probability of a transmission line during an ice storm is determined by its mechanical strength and the icing load it with stands [19]. Considering the positive correlation between ice load and ice thickness, this article chooses ice thickness on behalf of icing load to calculate the fault probability of transmission line.
To precisely forecast the operation status of transmission line during an ice storm and achieve early warning, a method based on adaptive relevance vector machine (ARVM) is proposed for fault probability prediction of transmission line icing. According to the basic theory of RVM, this paper establishes a forecasting model, which consists of selection and preprocessing of data, initial parameter optimization, icing prediction with adaptive optimization and fault probability prediction of transmission line. The quantum particle swarm algorithm, together with K-fold Cross-validation is applied to optimize model parameters. The weight vector of the icing prediction model is corrected by repeating training to get the precise prediction result of ice thickness with its probability distribution. The case study with practical data from Zhejiang province shows that the proposed method can effectively improve the accuracy of icing prediction and further realize fault probability prediction of transmission line, which can provide early warning for the anti-icing and mitigation work of the electric power department.
Characterization of new foundations applied in overhead lines
2022, Proceedings of the 2022 IEEE Engineering International Research Conference, EIRCON 2022

View full text

Algorithm and framework for tower fault caused by ice overload

Highlights

Abstract

Introduction

Section snippets

Ice influnce description

Case study

Discussion

Conclusion

Grants / financial support

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Declaration of Competing Interest

Acknowledgements

Eng. Struct.

J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.

Procedia Manuf.

Electr. Power Syst. Res.

Int. J. Impact Eng.

Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.

Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst.

Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.

Fut. Generat. Comput. Syst.

Energy

Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.

Structures

Appl. Surf. Sci.

Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.

Sustain. Energy Grids Networks

Cold Reg. Sci. Technol.

Verification of DES for flow over rigidly and elastically-mounted circular cylinders in normal and yawed flow

J. Fluids Struct.