Mechanistic insights expatiating the biological role and regulatory implications of estrogen and HER2 in breast cancer metastasis
Section snippets
Background
Breast cancer (BCa) has become the most prevalent malignancy and prime cause of metastatic deaths in women worldwide, conferring to the reports of GLOBOCAN 2020 [1]. According to the data, the global cancer burden has mounted to 19.2 million new cases identified in 2020 and 9.95 million cancer deaths in 2020. While talking about BCa, it has risen to 2.26 million new cases worldwide and 0.68 million deaths in 2020, as shown in (Fig. 1) [1]. Even with the advancement in treatments available to
Prognostic and predictive markers for ER and HER2
The statistics recognized at the time of diagnosis, which compares the clinical results independent of adjuvant therapy, are viewed as prognostic indicators. Whereas statistical values after the therapy course indicate the magnitude of response are regarded as predictive markers or predictive indicators [17]. Understanding this description clarifies that some markers can be prognostic and predictive indicators. Conventional morphological findings such as lymphovascular invasion, size and grade
Biological functions of ER and HER2 in BCa migration
The capability of a neoplastic cell to endure migration and invasion permits it to transform and positioned inside the tissues [29]. For instance, these courses permit cancer cells to go in lymphatic and blood vessels for distribution into the circulation and then endure metastatic development in distant organs. To blowout within the tissues, neoplastic cells opt for comparable migration procedures, if not alike, to those that ensue in regular, non-cancer cells throughout physiological courses,
Tumor metastasis
The metastasis of tumor cells from their original location to distant organs is responsible for innumerable mortalies due to cancer [68]. The molecular mechanism for cancer spreading is still not yet well known. For cancer proliferation and metastasis, the main requirement is the ability of the cancer cell to migrate and penetrate surrounding tissues; therefore, the focus is now shifted towards pinpointing the contributing small molecules in cell motility, migration, and invasion. The targeted
Novel strategy of targeting small molecules
The small molecules protein tyrosine kinase is of great interest in cancer management as they yield enhanced activity in cancerous cells [131]. There is a direct correlation between poor prognosis and subsequent shorter survival rates in ovarian and BCa patients and increased expression of protein kinase receptors [135]. Numerous EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors are being probed in BCa from both natural and synthetic origins [[136], [137], [138], [139], [140], [141], [142]]. The fundamental
Conclusions
Although metastatic BCa is a fatal phenomenon, the progress in understanding the etiology of the disease is now being transformed into the treatment protocol. The BCa receptors ER, PR, and HER2 play a prognostic role and are also the predictive markers for disease progression. These receptors play various biological functions, and deviation from the normal growth leads to disruption in the balance of their biological role. In the advanced stage, the BCa metastasizes and migrates to distant
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Author contributions
Conceptualization, Mohsin Ahmad Ghauri; Data analysis and Writing—Original Draft Preparation, Mohsin Ahmad Ghauri, Ali Raza, Uzma Hayat; Editing, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal and Muhammad Bilal; Revisions, Final editing, Project & Grant acquisition, Hafiz M.N. Iqbal and Muhammad Bilal.
Declaration of Competing Interest
Not applicable.
Acknowledgment
We are grateful to the National Natural Science Foundation of China. This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China 31700546.
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