Literature ReviewPlayer–video game interaction: A systematic review of current concepts
Introduction
Video games now constitute one of the world’s premier cultural industries with a global market of 80 billion dollars in 2011 (Interactive Software Federation of Europe, 2011). Since the initial commercial success of the game “Pong” in 1972, video games have been experienced by many different categories of players on a wide range of different platforms. 48% of European adults aged 16 or more and 58% of Americans said that they had played video games in 2012, 55% of these being men and 45% women (Entertainment Software Association, 2013, Interactive Software Federation of Europe, 2012). 68% of American players played on game consoles, 63% on computers, 43% on smartphones, 37% on dedicated handled systems and 30% on wireless devices (Entertainment Software Association, 2013).
The increasingly widespread popularity of video games has prompted the emergence of numerous scientific publications dealing with player–video game interactions and their implications for practical application. However, most of these publications continue to focus on the impact of games on the external behavior of players. In particular, some studies have examined the negative influence of violent video games on behavior (e.g., Anderson et al., 2010). Other researchers has emphasized the positive effects of cognitive training following interaction with action games (e.g., Bavelier, Green, Pouget, & Schrater, 2012).
More recently, another community of researchers has published results not on the effect of video games on their players but on the nature of the player–game interaction itself, based on an examination of the players’ motivations (e.g., search for pleasure, entertainment, challenges, emotions) (Barr, Noble, & Biddle, 2007). Such studies help minimize disruptions to the interaction between the player and the game and thus ensure that the experience enjoyed by players is as good as it possibly can be. Player-centered studies of player–video games interactions are therefore of vital importance, in particular because they enable designers to create video games that can adapt to the expectations and capabilities of the users (Pagulayan et al., 2012).
The study of player–video game interactions remains difficult because they are hard to define (Pagulayan et al., 2012). The one characteristic common to all video games is the ability of the player to interact with a virtual environment, generally with the help of an artifact (e.g., joystick, movement detection sensor, touchscreen control). The main interface of this environment is presented in audio–visual form via a terminal, which is either specific (e.g., portable games console) or not specific to video games (e.g. television, smartphone, tactile tablet). This environment reacts to the orders received from the player and then sends new information via the interface. Unlike other media that convey audio–visual information, such as the cinema for example, video games enable users to interact with this information. This player–video game interaction is clearly the key point that differentiates games from other types of cultural media.
The purpose of the present article was to provide a systematic review of empirical evidence of the current concepts of player–video game interactions as described in scientific journals. The aim was to show that, in terms of human–computer interactions, video games should be considered above all as complex IT systems, with which individuals wish to interact within the framework of a goal-directed activity.
The goals of video game players when using video games are very diverse. Although nowadays, video games can be used, for example, in education (e.g., Connolly et al., 2012, Egenfeldt-Nielsen, 2006), or work activities (e.g., Boyle, Kennedy, Traynor, & Hill, 2011), the original aim of video games was to entertain the player. So, to be as generally applicable as possible, the purpose of the present article was to provide a systematic review of empirical evidences of the current concepts of player–video game interactions in entertainment situations only.
Section snippets
Search database
This literature search method was configured to target empirical evidence focused only on the intrinsic concepts of the player–video game interaction in entertainment situations. This excluded studies about serious games, educational games, game culture, the nature of the games, the nature of players, and the effects of using a game on human behavior or the use of games as research tool or for other activities than entertainment. To reach this goal as precisely as possible, only main scientific
Results
The analysis of the seventy-two papers showed that their main goals of study, research designs and methods were very diverse. To capture this heterogeneity of topics and approaches, a narrative synthesis was adopted. Thus, the present section was divided into six sections according to the main goal of each paper. The majority of the articles studied specific aspects of the player–video game interaction (Fig. 1). Sections 3.1 Player engagement: immersion, presence and perceived realism, 3.2
Discussion
The goal of the present article was to provide a systematic review of empirical evidence of current concepts of player–video game interactions taken from articles in scientific journals. Synthesizing the results allowed us to propose a clearer framing definition of player–video game interactions. Player–video game interactions are interactions in which technical aspects of video games have influence on players’ engagement and enjoyment (Fig. 1). Findings reported in the present review
Conclusion
The high number of studies published in the field of player–video game interactions clearly shows that it is becoming an increasingly important area of research for the scientific community interested in HCI. This systematic literature review revealed the complexity of the nature of player–video game interaction that is defined with multiple concepts that are closely linked and intertwined. The results allowed us to propose a definition of player–video game interactions. Player–video game
Acknowledgments
Loïc Caroux was supported by a PhD fellowship and a postdoctoral research fellowship from the Direction Générale de l’Armement (France).
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