Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-sxzjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T11:35:58.303Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A National Network of Schizophrenia Expert Centres: an Innovative Tool to Bridge the Research-Practice Gap

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2015

F. Schürhoff ,
G. Fond ,
F. Berna ,
E. Bulzacka ,
J. Vilain ,
D. Capdevielle ,
D. Misdrahi ,
M. Leboyer  and
P.-M. Llorca
F. Schürhoff*
Affiliation:
Inserm, U955, psychopathologie et génétique des maladies psychiatriques, 94000Créteil, France Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Est, 94000Créteil, France DHU PePSY, pôle de psychiatrie, hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, AP–HP, 94000Créteil, France Fondation FondaMental, 94000Créteil, France
G. Fond
Affiliation:
Inserm, U955, psychopathologie et génétique des maladies psychiatriques, 94000Créteil, France Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Est, 94000Créteil, France DHU PePSY, pôle de psychiatrie, hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, AP–HP, 94000Créteil, France Fondation FondaMental, 94000Créteil, France
F. Berna
Affiliation:
Fondation FondaMental, 94000Créteil, France Clinique psychiatrique, hôpital Civil, hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, 67091Strasbourg, France
E. Bulzacka
Affiliation:
Inserm, U955, psychopathologie et génétique des maladies psychiatriques, 94000Créteil, France Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Est, 94000Créteil, France DHU PePSY, pôle de psychiatrie, hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, AP–HP, 94000Créteil, France Fondation FondaMental, 94000Créteil, France
J. Vilain
Affiliation:
Inserm, U955, psychopathologie et génétique des maladies psychiatriques, 94000Créteil, France Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Est, 94000Créteil, France DHU PePSY, pôle de psychiatrie, hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, AP–HP, 94000Créteil, France Fondation FondaMental, 94000Créteil, France
D. Capdevielle
Affiliation:
Fondation FondaMental, 94000Créteil, France Service universitaire de psychiatrie adulte, université Montpellier 1, hôpital de la Colombière, CHU de Montpellier, 34090Montpellier, France Inserm U-888, 34093Montpellier, France
D. Misdrahi
Affiliation:
Fondation FondaMental, 94000Créteil, France Pôle de psychiatrie 347, centre hospitalier Charles-Perrens, 33076Bordeaux cedex, France CNRS UMR 5287-INCIA, université de Bordeaux 2, 33076Bordeaux, France
M. Leboyer
Affiliation:
Inserm, U955, psychopathologie et génétique des maladies psychiatriques, 94000Créteil, France Faculté de médecine, université Paris-Est, 94000Créteil, France DHU PePSY, pôle de psychiatrie, hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, AP–HP, 94000Créteil, France Fondation FondaMental, 94000Créteil, France
P.-M. Llorca
Affiliation:
Fondation FondaMental, 94000Créteil, France Service psychiatrie et addictologie de l’adulte CMP B, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, 63003Clermont-Ferrand, France EA 7280 UFR médecine, université Clermont 1, 63000Clermont-Ferrand, France
*
*Corresponding author at: Pôle de psychiatrie et d'addictologie des hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, 40, rue de Mesly, 94000 Créteil, France. Tel.: +33 1 49 81 32 90; fax: +33 1 49 81 30 59. E-mail address: franck.schurhoff@inserm.fr (F. Schürhoff).
Get access

Abstract

Schizophrenia is probably the most severe psychiatric disorder with much suffering for the patients and huge costs for the society. Efforts to provide optimal care by general practitioners and psychiatrists are undermined by the complexity of the disorder and difficulties in applying clinical practice guidelines and new research findings to the spectrum of cases seen in day-to-day practice. An innovative model of assessment aimed at improving global care of people with schizophrenia provided by the French national network of schizophrenia expert centres is being described. Each centre has established strong links to local health services and provides support to clinicians in delivering personalized care plans. A common set of assessment tools has been adopted by the ten centres spread over the whole French territory. A web application, e-schizo© has been created to record data in a common computerized medical file. This network offers systematic, comprehensive, longitudinal, and multi-dimensional assessments of cases including a medical workup and an exhaustive neuropsychological evaluation. This strategy offers an effective way to transfer knowledge and share expertise. This network is a great opportunity to improve the global patient care and is conceived as being an infrastructure for research from observational cohort to translational research.

Keywords

SchizophreniaExpert centreNetworkGuidelineTranslational research
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 30 , Issue 6 , September 2015 , pp. 728 - 735
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier Masson SAS 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

1

List of FACE-SZ Collaborators are: Pôle de psychiatrie 347, centre hospitalier Charles-Perrens, 33076 Bordeaux cedex, France; CNRS UMR 5287-INCIA, université Bordeaux 2, Bordeaux, France: Antoniol B, Vila E, Tessier A; Inserm U955, psychopathologie et génétique des maladies psychiatriques, 94000 Créteil, France; université Paris-Est, faculté de médecine, 94000 Créteil, France; AP–HP, DHU PePSY, pôle de psychiatrie, hôpitaux universitaires Henri-Mondor, 94000 Créteil, France: Brunel L, Le Gloahec T; hôpitaux universitaires de Strasbourg, clinique psychiatrique, hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France: Zinetti-Bertschy A, Berna F, Vidailhet P, Danion JM, Offerlin-Meyer I; service universitaire de psychiatrie adulte, hôpital de la Colombière, CHU de Montpellier, université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France; Inserm U-888, Montpellier, France: Boulenger JP, Schandrin A, Yazbek H; service psychiatrie et addictologie de l’adulte CMP B, CHU de Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France; EA 7280 UFR médecine, université Clermont 1, Clermont-Ferrand, France: Blanc O, Chereau-Boudet I, Tronche AM, Lacelle D, Denizot H, Pires S; université de Lyon, 69003 Lyon, France; université Lyon 1, Lyon, EA4166, France; centre hospitalier Le Vinatier, 69677 Bron, France; institut fédératif des neurosciences de Lyon (IFNL), hôpital neurologique, 69394 Bron, France: D’Amato T, Chesnoy-Servanin G, Rey R, Vehier A, Dorey JM; service universitaire de psychiatrie d’adultes, centre hospitalier de Versailles, 177, rue de Versailles, 78157 Le Chesnay, France, laboratoire ECIPSY EA4047, université Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 50, rue Berthier, 78000 Versailles, France: Urbach M, Passerieux C, Hardy-Bayle MC, Sebilleau M, Fonteneau S; Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris, hôpital Louis-Mourier, Psychiatry Department, Colombes, France, Inserm, U894, Team “Vulnerability of Psychiatric and Addictive Disorders”, Centre of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France: Dubertret C, Le Strat Y, Portalier C, De Pradier M; Department of Psychiatry, Sainte-Marguerite University Hospital, Marseille, France, EA 3279 – Public Health, Chronic Diseases and Quality of Life - Research Unit, Aix-Marseille université, Marseille, France: Lançon C, Faget C, Metairie E, Peri P, Vaillant F; centre de réhabilitation psychosociale, centre hospitalier de Saint-Egrève, 38521 St-Egreve cedex, France: Giraud-Baro E, Delorme C, Fluttaz C, Roman C, Gabayet F, Dubreucq J.

References

Addington, D., Addington, J., Maticka-Tyndale, E., Joyce, J.Reliability and validity of a depression rating scale for schizophrenics. Schizophr Res 1992;6(3):201–208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altamura, A.C., Serati, M., Albano, A., Paoli, R.A., Glick, I.D., Dell’Osso, B.An epidemiologic and clinical overview of medical and psychopathological comorbidities in major psychoses. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2011;261:489–508.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Amador, X.F.S.D.The scale to assess unawareness of mental disorder. New York: Columbia University and New York Psychiatric Institute; 1990.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association, Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 5th ed.Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auquier, P., Simeoni, M.C., Sapin, C., Reine, G., Aghababian, V., Cramer, J., et al.Development and validation of a patient-based health-related quality of life questionnaire in schizophrenia: the S-QoL. Schizophr Res 2003;63(1–2):137–149.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A., Emslie, H., Nimmo-Smith, I.Doors and people. Oxford: Harcourt Assessment; 1994.Google Scholar
Bauer, M.S., Biswas, K., Kilbourne, A.M.Enhancing multiyear guideline concordance for bipolar disorder through collaborative care. Am J Psychiatry 2009;166:1244–1250.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bazin, N., Brunet-Gouet, E., Bourdet, C., Kayser, N., Falissard, B., Hardy-Baylé, M.C., et al.Quantitative assessment of attribution of intentions to others in schizophrenia using an ecological video-based task: a comparison with manic and depressed patients. Psychiatry Res 2009;167(1):28–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Birchwood, M., Smith, J., Drury, V., Healy, J., Macmillan, F., Slade, M.A self-report insight scale for psychosis: reliability, validity and sensitivity to change. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994;89(1):62–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, S., Mitchell, C.Predictors of death from natural causes in schizophrenia: 10-year follow-up of a community cohort. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2012;47:843–847.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buss, A.H., Perry, M.P.The aggression questionnaire. J Pers Soc Psychol 1992;63:452–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caci, H.M., Bouchez, J., Bayle, F.J.An aid for diagnosing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder at adulthood: psychometric properties of the French versions of two Wender Utah Rating Scales (WURS-25 and WURS-K). Compr Psychiatry 2010;51(3):325–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cardebat, D., Doyon, B., Puel, M., Goulet, P., Joanette, Y.Formal and semantic lexical evocation in normal subjects. Performance and dynamics of production as a function of sex, age and educational level. Acta Neurol Belg 1990;90:207–217.Google ScholarPubMed
Collins, P.Y., Patel, V., Joestl, S.S., March, D., Insel, T.R., Daar, A.S., et al.Grand challenges in global mental health. Nature 2011;475:27–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delis, D.C., Kramer, J.H., Kaplan, E., Ober, B.A.California verbal learning test. 2nd ed.San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation; 2000. [Adult Version].Google Scholar
Demetrovics, Z., Szeredi, B., Rozsa, S.The three-factor model of Internet addiction: the development of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. Behav Res Methods 2008;40(2):563–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, J.D., Heaton, R.K., Paulsen, J.S., Palmer, B.W., Patterson, T., Jeste, D.V.The relationship of neuropsychological abilities to specific domains of functional capacity in older schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 2003;53:422–430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Favrod, J., Zimmermann, G., Raffard, S., Pomini, V., Khazaal, Y.The Beck Cognitive Insight Scale in outpatients with psychotic disorders: further evidence from a French-speaking sample. Can J Psychiatry 2008;53(11):783–787.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
First, S.R., Gibbon, M., Williams, J.B.W.Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis I disorders, patient edition (SCID-P), version 2. New York: New York State Psychiatric Institute, Biometrics Research; 1995.Google Scholar
Green, M.F.What are the functional consequences of neurocognitive deficits in schizophrenia?. Am J Psychiatry 2012;153:321–330.Google Scholar
Green, M.F., Hellemann, G., Horan, W.P., Lee, J., Wynn, J.K.From perception to functional outcome in schizophrenia: modeling the role of ability and motivation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012;69:1216–1224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haro, J.M., Ayuso-Mateos, J.L., Bitter, I., Demotes-Mainard, J., Leboyer, M., Lewis, S.W., et al.ROAMER: roadmap for mental health research in Europe. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2014;23(Suppl. 1):1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harvey, P.D.Clinical applications of neuropsychological assessment. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 2012;14:91–99.Google ScholarPubMed
Hasan, A., Falkai, P., Wobrock, T., Lieberman, J., Glenthoj, B., Gattaz, W.F., et al.World Fderation of Scieties of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 1: update 2012 on the acute treatment of schizophrenia and the management of treatment resistance. World J Biol Psychiatry 2012;13:318–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hasan, A., Falkai, P., Wobrock, T., Lieberman, J., Glenthoj, B., Gattaz, W.F., et al.World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) guidelines for biological treatment of schizophrenia, part 2: update 2012 on the long-term treatment of schizophrenia and management of antipsychotic-induced side effects. World J Biol Psychiatry 2013;14:2–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heatherton, T.F., Kozlowski, L.T., Frecker, R.C., Fagerstrom, K.O.The Fagerstrom Test for nicotine dependence: a revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. Br J Addict 1991;86(9):1119–1127.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heinrichs, R.W., Zakzanis, K.K.Neurocognitive deficit in schizophrenia: a quantitative review of the evidence. Neuropsychology 1998;12:426–445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henry, C., Etain, B., Mathieu, F., Raust, A., Vibert, J.F., Scott, J., et al.A French network of bipolar expert centres: a model to close the gap between evidence-based medicine and routine practice. J Affect Disord 2011;131:358–363.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, M., Crumlish, N., Clarke, M., Whitty, P., Owens, E., Renwick, L., et al.Prospective relationship of duration of untreated psychosis to psychopathology and functional outcome over 12 years. Schizophr Res 2012;141:215–221.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kern, L.A.D.French adaptation of the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire. Evol Psychiatr 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evopsy.2012.07.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lancon, C., Reine, G., Llorca, P.M., Auquier, P.Validity and reliability of the French-language version of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Acta Psychiatr Scand 1999;100(3):237–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsen, T.K., McGlashan, T.H., Johannessen, J.O., Friis, S., Guldberg, C., Haahr, U., et al.Shortened duration of untreated first episode of psychosis: changes in patient characteristics at treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2001;158:1917–1919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lejoyeux, M., Gorwood, P., Stalla-Bourdillon, A., Ades, J.[Translation and application of the Simpson and Angus Scale of extrapyramidal symptoms]. Encephale 1993;19(1):17–21.Google Scholar
Lesieur, H.R., Blume, S.B.The South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS): a new instrument for the identification of pathological gamblers. Am J Psychiatry 1987;144(9):1184–1188.Google ScholarPubMed
Leucht, S., Tardy, M., Komossa, K., Heres, S., Kissling, W., Salanti, G., et al.Antipsychotic drugs versus placebo for relapse prevention in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2012;379:2063–2071.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lipkovich, I.A., Deberdt, W., Csernansky, J.G., Sabbe, B., Keefe, R.S., Kollack-Walker, S.Relationships among neurocognition, symptoms and functioning in patients with schizophrenia: a path-analytic approach for associations at baseline and following 24 weeks of antipsychotic drug therapy. BMC Psychiatry 2009;14:9–44.Google Scholar
Lloyd-Evans, B., Crosby, M., Stockton, S., Pilling, S., Hobbs, L., Hinton, M., et al.Initiatives to shorten duration of untreated psychosis: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry 2011;198:256–263.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malla, A.K., Norman, R.M., Manchanda, R., Ahmed, M.R., Scholten, D., Harricharan, R., et al.One year outcome in first episode psychosis: influence of DUP and other predictors. Schizophr Res 2002;54:231–242.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marshall, M., Lewis, S., Lockwood, A., Drake, R., Jones, P., Croudace, T.Association between duration of untreated psychosis and outcome in cohorts of first-episode patients: a systematic review. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:975–983.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGlashan, T.H.The profiles of clinical deterioration in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 1998;32:133–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGorry, P., Keshavan, M., Goldstone, S., Amminger, P., Allott, K., Berk, M., et al.Biomarkers and clinical staging in psychiatry. World Psychiatry 2014;13:211–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meyers, J.E., Zellinger, M.M., Kockler, T., Wagner, M., Miller, R.M.A validated seven-subtest short form for the WAIS-IV. Applied Neuropsychol 2013;20(4):249–256.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Michie, S., Pilling, S., Garety, P., Whitty, P., Eccles, M.P., et al.Difficulties implementing a mental health guideline: an exploratory investigation using psychological theory. Implementation Sci 2007;26:2–8.Google Scholar
Misdrahi, D., Verdoux, H., Llorca, P.M., Bayle, F.J.[Therapeutic adherence and schizophrenia: the interest of the validation of the French translation of Medication Adherence Rating Scale (MARS)]. Encephale 2004;30(4):409–410.Google Scholar
Mollard, E., Cottraux, J., Bouvard, M.[French version of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale]. Encephale 1989;15(3):335–341.Google Scholar
National Institute for Health Clinical Excellence. Psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: treatment and management. National Clinical Practice Guideline 82. London: National Institute for Clinical Excellence; 2014.Google Scholar
Nelson, H.E., O’Connell, A.Dementia: the estimation of premorbid intelligence levels using the New Adult Reading Test. Cortex 1978;14:234–244. [French adaptation: Mackinnon A, Mulligan R. Estimation de l’intelligence prémorbide chez les francophones. Encephale 2005;31:31–43].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nordentoft, M., Wahlbeck, K., Hällgren, J., Westman, J., Osby, U., Alinaghizadeh, H., et al.Excess mortality, causes of death and life expectancy in 270,770 patients with recent onset of mental disorders in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. PLoS One 2013;8(1):e55176.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nuechterlein, K.H., Green, M.F.MCCB–MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery–Manual. Matrics Assessment Inc. (In MATRICS assessment battery with permission of Barbara Cornblatt, Biobehavioral Technologies, Inc.) 2006.Google Scholar
Oldfield, R.C.The assessment and analysis of handedness: the Edinburgh Inventory. Neuropsychologia 1971;9:97–113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ozomaro, U., Wahlestedt, C., Nemeroff, C.B.Personalized medicine in psychiatry: problems and promises. BMC Med 2013;11:132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, B.A., Pankratz, V.S., Bostwick, J.M.The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a reexamination. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005;62:247–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paquette, D., Laporte, L., Bigras, M., Zoccolillo, M.[Validation of the French version of the CTQ and prevalence of the history of maltreatment]. Sante Ment Que 2004;29(1):201–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, T.L., Goldman, S., McKibbin, C.L., Hughs, T., Jeste, D.V.UCSD Performance-Based Skills Assessment: development of a new measure of everyday functioning for severely mentally ill adults. Schizophr Bull 2001;27:235–245.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pedrelli, P., McQuaid, J.R., Granholm, E., Patterson, T.L., McClure, F., Beck, A.T., et al.Measuring cognitive insight in middle-aged and older patients with psychotic disorders. Schizophr Res 2004;71(2–3):297–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prieto, L., Sacristan, J.A., Hormaechea, J.A., Casado, A., Badia, X., Gomez, J.C.Psychometric validation of a generic health-related quality of life measure (EQ-5D) in a sample of schizophrenic patients. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20(6):827–835.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raffard, S., Trouillet, R., Capdevielle, D., Gely-Nargeot, M.C., Bayard, S., Laroi, F., et al.[French adaptation and validation of the scale to assess unawareness of mental disorder]. Can J Psychiatry 2010;55(8):523–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reitan, R.M.The relation of the Trail Making Test to organic brain damage. J Consult Psychol 1955;19:393–394.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reitan, R.M.Validity of the Trail Making Test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Percept Mot Skills 1958;8:271–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, D., Woerner, M.G., Alvir, J.M., Bilder, R., Goldman, R., Geisler, S., et al.Predictors of relapse following response from a first episode of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1999;56:241–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rummel-Kluge, C., Kissling, W.Psychoeducation in schizophrenia: new developments and approaches in the field. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2008;21:168–172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ryan, J.J., Ward, L.C.Validity, reliability, and standard errors of measurement for two seven-subtest short forms of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III. Psychol Assess 1999;11(2):207–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saha, S., Chant, D., McGrath, J.A systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia: is the differential mortality gap worsening over time?. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2007;64:1123–1131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salvatore, P., Baldessarini, R.J., Tohen, M., Khalsa, H.M., Sanchez-Toledo, J.P., Zarate, C.A. Jr., et al.McLean-Harvard International First-Episode Project: two-year stability of ICD-10 diagnoses in 500 first-episode psychotic disorder patients. J Clin Psychiatry 2011;72:183–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shallice, T., Burgess, P.W.Deficits un strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man. Brain 1991;114:727–741. [Adaptation used: Garnier C, Enot-Joyeux F, Jokic C, Le Thiec F, Desgranges B, Eustache F. Une évaluation des fonctions exécutives chez les traumatisés crâniens : l’adaptation du test des six éléments. Rev Neuropsychol 1998;8(3):385–414].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Startup, M., Jackson, M.C., Bendix, S.The concurrent validity of the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF). Br J Clin Psychol 2002;41(Pt 4):417–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stip, E., Caron, J., Renaud, S., Pampoulova, T., Lecomte, Y.Exploring cognitive complaints in schizophrenia: the subjective scale to investigate cognition in schizophrenia. Compr Psychiatry 2003;44(4):331–340.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swift, R.H., Harrigan, E.P., Cappelleri, J.C., Kramer, D., Chandler, L.P.Validation of the behavioural activity rating scale (BARS): a novel measure of activity in agitated patients. J Psychiatr Res 2002;36(2):87–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wechsler, D.WAIS-III: administration and scoring manual. San Antonio, TX: Pearson; 1997.Google Scholar
Wechsler, D.WAIS-IV administration and scoring manual. .San Antonio, TX: Pearson; 2008.Google Scholar
Whitty, P.F., Owoeye, O., Waddington, J.L.Neurological signs and involuntary movements in schizophrenia: intrinsic to and informative on systems pathobiology. Schizophr Bull 2009;35(2):415–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, R.C., Biggs, J.T., Ziegler, V.E., Meyer, D.A.A rating scale for mania: reliability, validity and sensitivity. Br J Psychiatry 1978;133:429–435.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zimmermann, P., Fimm, B.Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprufung (TAP), Version 2.3. Handbuch. Wurselen: Psytest; 2010.Google Scholar
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.