Collaborative Review – AndrologyTestosterone Therapy in Men With Prostate Cancer
Introduction
Testosterone deficiency (TD; also known as hypogonadism) and prostate cancer are both highly prevalent in older men and may impair overall health and quality of life. Up to 25% of elderly men experience TD [1], [2], [3] while the lifetime prevalence of a prostate cancer diagnosis in developed countries approximates 14% [4]. Testosterone therapy is an effective, commonly used treatment for clinically significant testosterone deficiency. Testosterone therapy has been shown to be effective in mitigating the bothersome symptoms and metabolic sequelae of testosterone deficiency [5], [6]. Despite strong evidence of benefit, a significant proportion of men with TD (those with concurrent or historical prostate cancer) are frequently denied treatment with exogenous testosterone.
Until recently, it was considered axiomatic that testosterone therapy was contraindicated in men with prostate cancer. This was based on a strong historical tradition and circumstantial evidence that went unchallenged. The preponderance of data demonstrating the health and quality of life benefits of testosterone therapy has elicited a re-evaluation of classic assumptions regarding the effect of exogenous androgens on the prostate, especially in men with prostate cancer [7], [8].
These assumptions date back to the 1940s and can be traced to the work of Charles Huggins. One of only two urologists that have been awarded a Nobel Prize, Huggins and Hodges’ work described the role of androgens in prostate cancer progression [9]. Their research in men with metastatic prostate cancer established the androgen hypothesis—that prostate cancer development and growth is directly related to the degree of androgenic activity in the body. Their conclusion that cancer of the prostate is “activated” by androgens gave rise to the belief that raising serum androgens via the administration of exogenous testosterone to men with prostate cancer would necessarily promote malignant cell growth and disease progression [9].
Mounting evidence refuting the androgen hypothesis has emerged over the past decade and there are now numerous published case series indicating lack of apparent cancer progression among men with prostate cancer treated with testosterone therapy [8], [10]. Nonetheless, there still remains a major concern among physicians that testosterone therapy may unmask occult prostate cancer in otherwise healthy men with TD, or may cause cancer recurrence or rapid progression in men with known prostate cancer, even after treatment and apparent cure [11]. The objective of this review is to explore these concerns in light of the existing data regarding testosterone and prostate cancer.
Section snippets
Evidence acquisition
We conducted a Medline search from 1940 to 2015 to identify all publications related to the use of testosterone in men with prostate cancer, treated or otherwise. We included original studies as well as review articles. Key words used in this search were “prostate cancer”, “testosterone”, “testosterone replacement”, “testosterone therapy”, “androgens”, “hypogonadism”, and “prostate specific antigen.”
Historical perspective
In a 1935 study, Kutscher and Wolbergs [12] found that acid phosphatase was present in higher concentrations in human and monkey prostate tissue than any other tissue in the body. This investigative advance allowed Huggins and Hodges [9] to study the effects of hormone manipulation in prostate cancer. It was known at the time that surgical castration would cause regression and clinical improvement of benign prostatic enlargement [13], [14]. Huggins and Hodges [9] demonstrated that serum acid
Discussion
Over the past decade, there has been an important paradigm shift in the understanding of the relationship between androgen levels and prostate cancer. Huggins and Hodges’ [9] seminal work identifying the impressive effect of androgen withdrawal (ie, castration) on prostate cancer was of paramount significance. However, misinterpretation of his original work led to erroneous conclusions surrounding testosterone therapy in men with prostate cancer.
We now have convincing evidence that: (1) TD is
Conclusions
In this systematic review, we show that the use of testosterone therapy does not increase the risk of developing prostate cancer nor worsen its severity if previously diagnosed. Through the framework of the saturation model, we now know that androgens have a finite ability to stimulate prostate cancer cells. This paradigm shift has allowed clinicians to treat TD in men with a history of prostate cancer. Testosterone therapy in men that have a history of prostate cancer does not appear to
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2022, Best Practice and Research: Clinical Endocrinology and MetabolismCitation Excerpt :Therefore, it is unclear whether TRT increases the risk of disease progression, especially given that there is no association between TRT use and prostate cancer incidence [62]. A recent systematic review by Kaplan et al. [63] comprising of 4 studies investigating the effects of TRT in men with untreated prostate cancer reported that there is limited evidence available and an absence of comparative studies. The authors therefore advocated caution in commencing TRT in this population.