Heat transport in semiconductor crystals under large temperature gradients
Introduction
Due to the continuous development in nanotechnology and the rapid evolution in the synthesis and fabrication of different materials at a nanometer scale, understanding and controlling heat transport at very short length scales has become very crucial and challenging. Indeed, the length scales at which heat transport starts taking place in all types of conductor materials; metals, semiconductors (SC) and dielectrics, are undertaking a continuous reduction to almost approach the intrinsic characteristic microscopic lengths of the material [1], [2]. For the purpose of heat transport, the main characteristic intrinsic length is the mean free path (MFP) of the energy carriers (electrons in metals and phonons in SC crystals and dielectrics) [3]. Usually, a local/linear theory of heat transport is valid as long as the MFP is short compared to the spatial variations in temperature. Nevertheless, because of the reduction of the length scales, the resulting temperature gradients due to an imposed temperature disturbance in many operation conditions can become very large, therefore setting limits to the applicability of the conventional local/linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics theory. In such case scenarios, the nonlocal/nonlinear contributions to heat transport might become of a certain importance.
The question of energy and heat transport mechanisms in solid materials at short time and length scales has been the basis of numerous theoretical and experimental papers. A part of the research has continued to exploit the conventional local/linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics theory [4], [5], [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [15], [16], [17], while the second part, has considered going beyond this theory and has investigated the nonlocal/nonlinear effects in the presence of large temperature gradients using different approaches [18], [19], [20], [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32].
The current work was inspired by the papers of Grigorenko et al. [20], [21]. We follow the approach initially developed by these authors to study the nonlinear thermoelectric phenomena in metals under large temperature gradients. Despite the large thermal conductivity, that characterizes metals in general, large temperature gradients can take place in some experiments, particularly of surface laser heating. In their analysis, the authors applied their approach to electron transport in metals and were able to explain the Benedick’s effect that was observed in some experiments [20], [21]. SC crystals have a lower thermal conductivity than metals [1], [2]. Hence, the onset of large temperature gradients after excitation by a certain heating source in these crystals, is even more likely than in metals. We shall apply the same approach to analyze the relevance of the nonlocal/nonlinear contributions to heat transport by phonons in SC crystals, and therefore go beyond the conventional Fourier’s law in the steady-state regime. Our motivation is to present an approach within the frame work of Boltzmann kinetic theory of phonon transport using the Callaway approximation of the collision operator in order to calculate and develop compact formulas that capture the fundamental leading behavior of the first three nonlocal/nonlinear thermal coefficients which will shed light on the effect of different intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of heat conduction. It is worthwhile mentioning that a closely related approach than the one we are adopting has been worked out very recently to shed light onto the nonlinear transport of electrons [33].
We present the main steps of the theoretical modeling in Section 2. In Section 3, we discuss the results of this approach by analyzing the effect of varying different intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of bulk SC crystals. We also provide a detailed analysis, in the simplest case of the grey spectrum approximation, of the effective thermal conductivity of the bulk SC crystal when the latter is subject to a space-periodic temperature profile that is typically encountered in Transient Thermal Grating experiments [12], [15]. We finish with summary and concluding remarks in Section 4.
Section snippets
Theory
In this section, we present the method that allows deriving compact expressions of the first three nonlocal/nonlinear thermal coefficients of bulk cubic SC crystals that give an insight onto the leading behavior in their responses in the steady-state regime. We assume the temperature profile to vary in only one dimension. This approximation applies well to many experimental situations and permits obtaining a flexible and rather smooth analysis, as we shall see below.
Temperature behavior of the thermal coefficients
In the current analysis, we seek to study the relevance of the nonlocal/nonlinear effects in the one-dimensional behavior of the phonon gas in a region of the bulk SC crystal subject to an external heat source causing the occurrence of a large temperature gradient.
The analysis of the different driving forces of the three last terms in the expression of the heat flux density current as given by Eq. (9) indicates the nature of the corresponding thermal coefficients. According to Mahan’s analysis
Conclusions
An approach based on solving steady-state Boltzmann-Peierls Transport Equation (BPTE) by expanding the phonon distribution function in a series of temperature gradients is used to study the fundamental behaviors of the nonlocal/nonlinear coefficients of the heat flux density current by phonons in bulk cubic semiconductor (SC) crystals. Compact expressions of the first three coefficients driving the heat flux, have been obtained. We carried out the analysis of these coefficients as functions of
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