Thermal conductivity of dry anatase and rutile nano-powders and ethylene and propylene glycol-based TiO2 nanofluids
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Section snippets
Introduction and background
The increasing demand for device miniaturisation as well as higher awareness on thermal energy consumption leads to the need of improving material heat transfer properties. The storage of thermal energy in the form of sensible and latent heat has become an important aspect of energy management with the emphasis on efficient use and conservation of waste heat and renewable energy in industry and buildings [1], [2]. In this task, thermal fluids like water, glycols or engine oils are commonly used
Materials, characterisation and sample preparation
Two TiO2 nano-powders from SkySpring Nanomaterials (Inc. Houston, TX, USA) and mass purities of 99.5% were used in this work. According to supplier, the first sample corresponds to a pure anatase monocrystalline phase with a declared diameter distribution of d = (10 to 30) nm while the second corresponds to a pure rutile phase with d = (10 to 25) nm. The base fluids, ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, were supplied by Sigma–Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA) with mass purities of 99.5%. All products
Titanium oxide nano-powders
As pointed above, in order to evaluate (particle + particle) interface thermal resistance in addition to the thermal resistance of nanoparticles, we have measured the thermal conductivity of solid titanium oxide nano-powders. These measurements were performed using nano-powders in both compacted and non-compacted forms. The obtained thermal conductivity data are presented in table 2 together with the volume fractions of the solid nanoparticles, which are calculated as the ratio of experimental
Conclusions
An experimental thermal conductivity study has been performed for two dry nanocrystalline structures of TiO2, anatase and a mixture of anatase and rutile, and for nanofluids formulated by using these oxides and two base fluids, ethylene and propylene glycol. The thermal conductivities for dry samples fall within the range (0.42 to 0.61) W · m−1 · K−1 giving account of the thermal resistance in the nanoparticle, but also of the (particle + particle) interface thermal resistance, which has been scarcely
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the “Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad” (Spain) and the FEDER program through the Project ENE2012-32908. The authors also acknowledge the financial support from Fundación Iberdrola and Universidade de Vigo. D.C. and L.L. acknowledge the financial support under the FPU and Ramón y Cajal program provided by the “Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte”, and “Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación” (Spain), respectively. M.J.P.-G. acknowledges the financial support
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