ReviewNewcastle disease: Evolution of genotypes and the related diagnostic challenges
Section snippets
Newcastle disease (ND)
Newcastle disease (ND) results from infections with virulent Newcastle disease viruses (NDV), having intracerebral pathogenicity indices (ICPI) of ≥0.7 in day-old chickens (Gallus gallus) and/or having multiple basic amino acids (at least three arginine (R) or lysine (K) residues) at the C-terminus of the fusion protein cleavage site, starting at position 113, along with a phenylalanine at position 117 (OIE, 2009). NDV potentially infects most species of birds, and for susceptible poultry it is
Newcastle disease virus (NDV)
Newcastle disease virus, also known as avian paramyxovirus serotype-1 (APMV-1), a member of the genus Avulavirus within the Paramyxoviridae family (Fauquet and Fargette, 2005, Mayo, 2002), is a negative-sense, single stranded, non-segmented, enveloped RNA virus (Alexander and Senne, 2008). The NDV genome is composed of six genes and encodes their corresponding six structural proteins: nucleoprotein (NP), phosphoprotein (P), matrix (M), fusion (F), hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN), and the RNA
Newcastle disease virus classification
Different genotypes of APMV-1 circulate in different parts of the world. Although all NDV are members of APMV-1, antigenic and genetic diversity is recognized (Aldous et al., 2003, Alexander et al., 1997, Kim et al., 2007a). Two different systems of classifying NDV are currently utilized worldwide with no consensus as to which is more appropriate. A system suggested by Aldous groups NDV into six lineages and 13 sublineages and later, three additional sublineages were added (Snoeck et al., 2009,
The evolution of NDV of low virulence
Very little is known about the evolution of NDV of low virulence (loNDV) as most NDV research has been performed on virulent isolates. Globally, loNDV from all genotypes of class I and from genotypes I and II of class II are commonly isolated from domestic poultry and wild bird species (Huovilainen et al., 2001, Jorgensen et al., 1999, King and Seal, 1997, Marin et al., 1996, Rosenberger et al., 1975, Seal et al., 2005, Takakuwa et al., 1998). In the U.S., where vNDV are not endemic in poultry,
Virulent NDV and the role of ND vaccines on their evolution
Although the most likely reservoir of vNDV is the vaccinated poultry population there is evidence that wild birds may represent natural reservoirs of mesogenic viruses (Aldous et al., 2007, Czegledi et al., 2006). Phylogenetically related vNDV of genotype V have been isolated from double-crested cormorants (Phalacrocorax auritus) from 1975 through 2008 and they have been implicated in earlier ND outbreaks (Allison et al., 2005, Blaxland, 1951, Heckert et al., 1996). Virulent pigeon
Detection of all NDV
Newcastle disease is generally diagnosed by isolation of NDV in SPF embryonating chicken eggs (ECE), by serology using the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test, or by real-time RT-PCR (RRT-PCR). All NDV isolates are known to replicate in ECE and the MDT to kill the embryo varies depending on the virulence of the virus. The HI test is used to identify a virus as NDV. Monoclonal antibody (mAb) testing can further be used to characterize NDV. While no single mAb can determine the virulence of
Conclusions
Because of the highly contagious nature of NDV and its clinical similarity to highly pathogenic avian influenza, accurate monitoring and rapid diagnosis of bird infections are crucial to any control and eradication program. Active surveillance of wild birds, LBM, and poultry production sites should increase our understanding of the predominance and evolution of NDV. Although surveillance should continue in some recently found reservoirs of NDV (including waterfowl and shorebirds), the search
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