Case reportCotylophoron panamensis (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) in Mazama americana (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) free-living in remote areas in the Peruvian Amazon
Introduction
In tropical areas, trematodes belonging to the genus Cotylophoron, Calicophoron and Paramphistomum are responsible of the ruminal paramphistomosis (Eduardo, 1985), causing mucosal lesions in pre-stomachs and the small intestine (Toledo et al., 2006; Foster et al., 2008). The Cotylophoron genus (Stiles and Goldberger, 1910) is composed by eight species globally distributed, but Cotylophoron panamensis has been the only species observed occasionally in wild host, the red brocket deer (Mazama americana, Artiodactyla: Cervidae) (Tantaleán et al., 2013).
The red brocket deer inhabits the tropical rainforest of South America and is extensively used as a source of protein by local populations (Duarte et al., 2012). The only parasitological studies in this species have been scarce and opportunistic, and report the occurrence of Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Physocephalus lassancei, Pygarginema verrucosa, Setaria bidentata and tapeworms as Moniezia expansa and Taenia hydatigena metacestode (Nascimento et al., 2000; Gomez-Puerta et al., 2015; Gomez-Puerta and Mayor, 2017). There is only one opportunistic report of C. panamensis in eight individual red brocket deer, located in city Iquitos (Peru), but without detailing the host's living conditions (Tantaleán et al., 2013).
Despite its expected high prevalence in the Amazon (Sánchez et al., 2009; Rojas et al., 2015), the lack of a diagnosis hinders the determination of the possible cross infection between cattle in the closeness with wild deer in the Amazonian forest (Nascimento et al., 2000). In this study, we recorded C. panamensis that naturally infects red brocket deer in four remote areas in the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon.
Section snippets
Material and methods
From 2009 to 2015, as part of an ongoing participatory conservation program that involves local hunters in implementing community-based wildlife management, subsistence hunters collected the abdominal and thoracic organs of 24 red brocket deer in different basins from the Northeastern Peruvian Amazon: 15 in the Yavari-Mirin River basin (04°19′53″S, 71°57′33″W), four in the Pucacuro National Reserve (02°26′53″S, 75°20′29″W), three in the Pastaza River basin (04°54′29″S, 76°24′32″W), and two in
Results and discussion
Cotylophoron panamensis Price and McIntosh, 1953
Body conical, curved ventrally with a nacreous white color fixed on the papillae of the reticulum and rumen (Fig. 1b, d), measuring 4.3 ± 0.4 (3.7–5.0) mm length by 2.1 ± 0.3 (1.7–2.5) mm in width at acetabulum level. Oral sucker in anterior extremity and pharynx calicophoron type 0.6 ± 0.1 (0.5–0.7) mm length with tegumentary papillae around the oral aperture and in the first third of the body (Fig. 1e). Genital sucker located posterior to the
Financial support
This work was possible thanks to institutional support of the Earthwatch Institute and CAPES (Foundation of the Ministry of Education of Brazil). D.F. Conga is a part of PNPD-CAPES (UFRA) scholarship.
Ethical standards
The authorization protocol for research and sample collection was approved by the Servicio Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre do Peru (Committee for Ethical Wildlife Research, protocol No. 0127-2010, 0229-2011 and 0350-2012-DGFFS-DGEFFS) and the Head of the National Reserve of Pucacuro (03-2012-SERNANP-RN Pucacuro).
Ethical statement
In this study entitled “Cotylophoron panamensis (Trematoda: Paramphistomidae) in M. americana (Artiodactyla: Cervidae) free-living in remote areas in the Peruvian Amazon” by Conga et al., all research was in compliance with a permit from the Peruvian government adhering to the legal requirements of Perú (Servicio Forestal y de Fauna Silvestre; Committee for Ethical Wildlife Research, protocol no. 0127–2010, 0229–2011 and 0350–2012-DGFFS-DGEFFS) and the Head of the National Reserve of Pucacuro
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Acknowledgements
The authors thank all the people from Nueva Esperanza, 28 de Julio, Andoas and José Olaya, who participated actively in data collection, showing that communal participation is an important step in the development of wildlife management Also thankfull the Laboratório de Microscópia Eletrônica de Varredura, Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia and Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Helmintologia, Universidade Federal do Pará by technical support.
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