Balanced anesthetic techniques in dogs and cats

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The term ȁbalanced anesthesiaȁ refers to the use of a mixture of drugs, such that the advantages of small amounts of drugs are used without having to contend with the disadvantages of large doses of any one drug.1 In veterinary practice, inhalant drugs are usually administered alone to maintain anesthesia, and balanced anesthetic techniques are rare. Unfortunately, cardiopulmonary function is reduced in dose-dependent fashion by inhalant drugs and deepening the level of anesthesia in order to modify autonomic responses to noxious stimuli may increase morbidity and mortality. This article justifies the use of balanced anesthetic techniques in veterinary practice and describes the advantages gained by the use of nitrous oxide, continuous opioid infusion, epidural/spinal opioid administration, and transdermal opioid administration. These techniques, described in detail in the article, are easy to learn, relatively inexpensive, may decrease patient morbidity and mortality, and will provide the veterinarian with smoother operating conditions.

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    • Effect of intravenous butorphanol infusion on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane in cats

      2022, Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia
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      Time dependence of the effect was actually demonstrated in one of the studies (Ilkiw et al. 2002). In addition, it is common in small animal clinical practice to administer opioids as IV infusions as part of balanced anesthesia, in an attempt to improve the consistency of the effect (Ilkiw 1999; Duke 2013). No peer-reviewed published studies were found on the effects of IV infusion of butorphanol on the MAC of inhalant anesthetics in cats.

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