Abstract
In mammals, motile cilia cover many organs, such as fallopian tubes, respiratory tracts and brain ventricles. The development and function of these organs critically depend on efficient directional fluid flow ensured by the alignment of ciliary beating. To identify the mechanisms involved in this process, we analysed motile cilia of mouse brain ventricles, using biophysical and molecular approaches. Our results highlight an original orientation mechanism for ependymal cilia whereby basal bodies first dock apically with random orientations, and then reorient in a common direction through a coupling between hydrodynamic forces and the planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Vangl2, within a limited time-frame. This identifies a direct link between external hydrodynamic cues and intracellular PCP signalling. Our findings extend known PCP mechanisms by integrating hydrodynamic forces as long-range polarity signals, argue for a possible sensory role of ependymal cilia, and will be of interest for the study of fluid flow-mediated morphogenesis.
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26 March 2010
In the version of this article initially published online, there was an error in the numbering of author equal contribution. This error has been corrected in both the HTML and PDF versions of the letter.
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Acknowledgements
We thank A. Buguin, B. Lemaire and J.-H. Codarbox for their help with the flow set-up realization. We thank Marie-Paule Muriel for excellent technical assistance and for having shared her T.E.M. background. We thank the Pitié-Salpêtrière and Cochin hospitals imaging centres. We thank B. Yoder (University of Alabama, Birmingham) and L.S. Goldstein (University of California San Diego) for providing us with Ift88fl/fl and Kif3afl/KO mice, respectively. We thank A. Alvarez-Buylla for making Ift88fl/fl mice available. We thank M. Bornens for the gift of CTR453 antibody, X. Morin for the gift of pCX plasmid and MH. Bré for the gift of TAP antibody. We also thank M. Bornens, B. Durand, J.-F. Joanny and Y. Bellaïche for discussions and reading of this manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the Agence Nationale de la Recherche (to N.S.), The International Human Frontier Science Program Organization (to N.S. and K.S.), the Fondation NRJ-Institut de France (to N.S.), the Mairie de Paris start-up Grant (to N.S.), by Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale and AXA Research Funds fellowships to A.M. and Neuropole de Recherche Francilien fellowship to J.-M.C. B.G. and A.A. were fellows of the Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche.
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A.M. designed the study, performed and analysed experiments; B.G. designed the flow set-up, designed, performed flow experiments, and analysed experiments; S.M. performed and analysed videomicroscopy experiments; L.S. performed multiciliated ependymal cell cultures; A.A. and J.-M.C. performed in vitro experiments; A.D. and C.B. performed electroporation experiments; H.C. supervised the electroporation experiments; M.M. made the Vangl2Lp/Lp mice available, provided Vangl2Lp construct and Vangl2 antibody, and contributed to many discussions; Y.H. performed India ink experiments; Y.-G.H. provided conditional Ift88 mice; Z.M. prepared conditional Ift88 samples; K.S. designed the study and supervised India ink experiments; N.S. initiated the study, designed, performed and analysed experiments, and supervised the project; N.S., A.M. and B.G. wrote the manuscript. All authors commented on the manuscript.
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Guirao, B., Meunier, A., Mortaud, S. et al. Coupling between hydrodynamic forces and planar cell polarity orients mammalian motile cilia. Nat Cell Biol 12, 341–350 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2040
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb2040
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