Abstract
Stereoscopic multi-user systems provide multiple users with individual views of a virtual environment. We developed a new projection-based stereoscopic display for six users, which employs six customized DLP projectors for fast time-sequential image display in combination with polarization. Our intelligent high-speed shutter glasses can be programmed from the application to adapt to the situation. For instance, it does this by staying open if users do not look at the projection screen or switch to a VIP high brightness mode if less than six users use the system. Each user is tracked and can move freely in front of the display while perceiving perspectively correct views of the virtual environment.
Navigating a group of six users through a virtual world leads to situations in which the group will not fit through spatial constrictions. Our augmented group navigation techniques ameliorate this situation by fading out obstacles or by slightly redirecting individual users along a collision-free path. While redirection goes mostly unnoticed, both techniques temporarily give up the notion of a consistent shared space. Our user study confirms that users generally prefer this trade-off over naïve approaches.
Supplemental Material
- Agrawala, M., Beers, A. C., McDowall, I., Fröhlich, B., Bolas, M., and Hanrahan, P. 1997. The two-user responsive workbench: support for collaboration through individual views of a shared space. In Proceedings of ACM SIGGRAPH '97, 327--332. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Argelaguet, F., Kunert, A., Kulik, A., and Froehlich, B. 2010. Improving co-located collaboration with show-through techniques. In 3D User Interfaces (3DUI), 2010 IEEE Symposium on, 55--62. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Arthur, K., Preston, T., Taylor, R., Brooks, F., Whitton, M., and Wright, W. 1998. Designing and building the pit: a head-tracked stereo workspace for two users. In Proceedings of IPT '98, Workshop CD-ROM.Google Scholar
- Aspin, R., and Roberts, D. 2005. A model for distributed, co-located interaction in urban design/review visualisation. In In Proceedings of IEEE DS-RT 2005, 70--77. Google ScholarDigital Library
- AvangoNG, 2011. Cross-platform software framework for virtual reality, http://www.avango.org/.Google Scholar
- Barco, 1999. Virtual surgery table, http://www.barco.com.Google Scholar
- Benford, S., Greenhalgh, C., Rodden, T., and Pycock, J. 2001. Collaborative virtual environments. Commun. ACM 44 (July), 79--85. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bimber, O., Froehlich, B., Schmalstieg, D., and Encarnacao, L. M. 2001. The virtual showcase. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 21, 48--55. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bolas, M., McDowall, I., and Corr, D. 2004. New research and explorations into multiuser immersive display systems. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications 24, 18--21. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Bowman, D., Krujiff, E., Viola, J. L., and Poupyrev, I. 2005. 3D User Interfaces: Theory and Practice. Addison-Wesley. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Cossairt, O. S., Napoli, J., Hill, S. L., Dorval, R. K., and Favalora, G. E. 2007. Occlusion-capable multiview volumetric three-dimensional display. Appl. Opt. 46, 8 (Mar), 1244--1250.Google ScholarCross Ref
- Cruz-Neira, C., Sandin, D. J., DeFanti, T. A., Kenyon, R. V., and Hart, J. C. 1992. The cave: audio visual experience automatic virtual environment. Commun. ACM 35 (June), 64--72. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Damera-Venkata, N., and Chang, N. L. 2007. Realizing super-resolution with superimposed projection. In CVPR: Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.Google Scholar
- d'Angelo, D., Wesche, G., Foursa, M., and Bogen, M. 2008. The benefits of co-located collaboration and immersion on assembly modeling in virtual environments. In Advances in Visual Computing, vol. 5358 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 478--487. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Dodgson, N. A. 2005. Autostereoscopic 3d displays. Computer 38, 8, 31--36. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Favalora, G. E. 2005. Volumetric 3d displays and application infrastructure. Computer 38 (August), 37--44. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Fröhlich, B., Blach, R., Stefani, O., Hochstrate, J., Hoffmann, J., Klüger, K., and Bues, M. 2005. Implementing multi-viewer stereo displays. In WSCG (Full Papers), 139--146.Google Scholar
- Gross, M., Würmlin, S., Naef, M., Lamboray, E., Spagno, C., Kunz, A., Koller-Meier, E., Svoboda, T., Van Gool, L., Lang, S., Strehlke, K., Moere, A. V., and Staadt, O. 2003. blue-c: a spatially immersive display and 3d video portal for telepresence. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers, ACM, 819--827. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hachet, M., Guitton, P., and Reuter, P. 2003. The cat for efficient 2d and 3d interaction as an alternative to mouse adaptations. In Proceedings of the ACM VRST'03, ACM, 205--212. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hopp, A. 2005. Using a single spatial light modulator for stereoscopic images of high color quality and resolution. In IPT/EGVE, Eurographics Association, E. Kjems and R. Blach, Eds., 15--22. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Hua, H., Brown, L., and Gao, C. 2004. Scape: supporting stereoscopic collaboration in augmented and projective environments. Computer Graphics and Applications, IEEE 24, 1 (Jan-Feb), 66--75. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jones, A., McDowall, I., Yamada, H., Bolas, M., and Debevec, P. 2007. Rendering for an interactive 360 degree light field display. ACM Trans. Graph. 26 (July). Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jones, A., Lang, M., Fyffe, G., Yu, X., Busch, J., McDowall, I., Bolas, M., and Debevec, P. 2009. Achieving eye contact in a one-to-many 3d video teleconferencing system. ACM Trans. Graph. 28 (July), 64:1--64:8. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Jones, A., Lang, M., Fyffe, G., Yu, X., Busch, J., McDowall, I., Bolas, M., and Debevec, P. 2009. Headspin: a one-to-many 3d video teleconferencing system. In ACM SIGGRAPH 2009 Emerging Technologies, ACM, New York, NY, USA, SIGGRAPH '09, 13:1--13:1. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kitamura, Y., Konishi, T., Yamamoto, S., and Kishino, F. 2001. Interactive stereoscopic display for three or more users. In Proceedings of the 28th annual conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, ACM, New York, NY, USA, SIGGRAPH '01, 231--240. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kitamura, Y., Sakurai, S., Yamaguchi, T., Fukazawa, R., Itoh, Y., and Kishino, F. 2009. Multi-modal interface in multi-display environment for multi-users. In Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction. Part II: Novel Interaction Methods and Techniques, SpringerVerlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 66--74. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Krüger, W., Bohn, C.-A., Fröhlich, B., Schüth, H., Strauss, W., and Wesche, G. 1995. The responsive workbench: a virtual work environment. Computer 28, 7, 42--48. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Kuck, R., Wind, J., Riege, K., and Bogen, M. 2008. Improving the avango vr/ar framework: Lessons learned. In 5th Workshop of the GI-VR/AR Group, Shaker, 209--220.Google Scholar
- Kunz, A. M., and Spagno, C. P. 2002. Technical system for collaborative work. In Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Virtual Environments 2002, EGVE '02, 73--80. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Maksakov, E., Booth, K. S., and Hawkey, K. 2010. Whale tank virtual reality. In Proceedings of Graphics Interface 2010, Canadian Information Processing Society, GI '10, 185--192. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Mulder, J. D., and Boschker, B. R. 2004. A modular system for collaborative desktop vr/ar with a shared workspace. Virtual Reality Conference, IEEE, 75--83. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Nitzsche, N., Hanebeck, U. D., and Schmidt, G. 2004. Motion compression for telepresent walking in large target environments. Presence: Teleoper. Virtual Environ. 13 (February), 44--60. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Otto, O., Roberts, D., and Wolff, R. 2006. A review on effective closely-coupled collaboration using immersive cve's. In Proceedings of the ACM VRCIA '06, ACM, 145--154. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Pirchheim, C., Waldner, M., and Schmalstieg, D. 2009. Deskotheque: Improved spatial awareness in multi-display environments. In Virtual Reality Conference, 2009. VR 2009. IEEE, 123--126.Google Scholar
- Poston, T., and Serra, L. 1994. The virtual workbench: dextrous vr. In Proceedings of the conference on Virtual reality software and technology, World Scientific Publishing Co., Inc., River Edge, NJ, USA, 111--121. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Projectiondesign, 2011. http://www.projectiondesign.com.Google Scholar
- Pst, 2011. Personal space tracker, http://www.ps-tech.com.Google Scholar
- Razzaque, S., Swapp, D., Slater, M., Whitton, M. C., and Steed, A. 2002. Redirected walking in place. In EGVE '02: Proceedings of the Eurographics Workshop on Virtual Environments 2002, Eurographics Association, 123--130. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Riege, K., Holtkamper, T., Wesche, G., and Froehlich, B. 2006. The bent pick ray: An extended pointing technique for multi-user interaction. In IEEE Symposium on 3D User Interfaces., 62--65. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Salzmann, H., Moehring, M., and Froehlich, B. 2009. Virtual vs. real-world pointing in two-user scenarios. In Proceedings of the 2009 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference, IEEE Computer Society, Washington, DC, USA, 127--130. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Schmalstieg, D., Fuhrmann, A., Hesina, G., Szalavári, Z., Encarnação, L. M., Gervautz, M., and Purgathofer, W. 2002. The studierstube augmented reality project. Presence: Teleoper. Virtual Environ. 11 (February), 33--54. Google ScholarDigital Library
- Steinicke, F., Bruder, G., Jerald, J., Frenz, H., and Lappe, M. 2008. Analyses of human sensitivity to redirected walking. In Proceedings of the 2008 ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology, VRST '08, 149--156. Google ScholarDigital Library
- URACOLI, 2011. μracoli - The μController Radio Communication Library, http://www.nongnu.org/uracoli/.Google Scholar
- VRAC, 2007. Virtual reality application center, Iowa State University, http://www.vrac.iastate.edu/c6.php.Google Scholar
- Wolff, R., Roberts, D. J., Steed, A., and Otto, O. 2007. A review of telecollaboration technologies with respect to closely coupled collaboration. Int. J. Comput. Appl. Technol. 29 (June), 11--26. Google ScholarDigital Library
Index Terms
C1x6: a stereoscopic six-user display for co-located collaboration in shared virtual environments
Recommendations
C1x6: a stereoscopic six-user display for co-located collaboration in shared virtual environments
SA '11: Proceedings of the 2011 SIGGRAPH Asia ConferenceStereoscopic multi-user systems provide multiple users with individual views of a virtual environment. We developed a new projection-based stereoscopic display for six users, which employs six customized DLP projectors for fast time-sequential image ...
Exploring User Behaviour in Asymmetric Collaborative Mixed Reality
VRST '22: Proceedings of the 28th ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and TechnologyA common issue for collaborative mixed reality is the asymmetry of interaction with the shared virtual environment. For example, an augmented reality (AR) user might use one type of head-mounted display (HMD) in a physical environment, while a virtual ...
A Classification of Human-to-Human Communication during the Use of Immersive Teleoperation Interfaces
VRIC '15: Proceedings of the 2015 Virtual Reality International ConferenceWe propose a new classification of the human-to-human communication during the use of immersive teleoperation interfaces based on real-life examples. While a large body of research is concerned with communication in collaborative virtual environments (...
Comments