http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9432-9223
Figures
Abstract
The Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor (GRPR) is over-expressed in estrogen receptor (ER) positive breast tumors and related metastatic lymph nodes offering the opportunity of imaging and therapy of luminal tumors. 68Ga-RM2 binding and 18F-FDG binding in tumoral zones were measured and compared using tissue micro-imaging with a beta imager on 14 breast cancer samples (10 primaries and 4 associated metastatic lymph nodes). Results were then assessed against ER expression, progesterone receptor (PR) expression, HER2 over-expression or not and Ki-67 expression. GRPR immunohistochemistry (IHC) was also performed on all samples. We also retrospectively compared 68Ga-RM2 and 18F-FDG bindings to 18F-FDG SUVmax on the pre-therapeutic PET/CT examination, if available. 68Ga-RM2 binding was significantly higher in tumors expressing GRPR on IHC than in GRPR-negative tumors (P = 0.022). In ER+ tumors, binding of 68Ga-RM2 was significantly higher than 18F-FDG (P = 0.015). In tumors with low Ki-67, 68Ga-RM2 binding was also significantly increased compared to 18F-FDG (P = 0.029). Overall, the binding of 68Ga-RM2 and 18F-FDG displayed an opposite pattern in tumor samples and 68Ga-RM2 binding was significantly higher in tumors that had low 18F-FDG binding (P = 0.021). This inverse correlation was also documented in the few patients in whom a 18F-FDG PET/CT examination before surgery was available. Findings from this in vitro study suggest that GRPR targeting can be an alternative to 18F-FDG imaging in ER+ breast tumors. Moreover, because GRPR antagonists can also be labeled with lutetium-177 this opens new avenues for targeted radionuclide therapy in the subset of patients with progressive metastatic disease following conventional treatments.
Citation: Morgat C, Schollhammer R, Macgrogan G, Barthe N, Vélasco V, Vimont D, et al. (2019) Comparison of the binding of the gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRP-R) antagonist 68Ga-RM2 and 18F-FDG in breast cancer samples. PLoS ONE 14(1): e0210905. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210905
Editor: Aamir Ahmad, University of South Alabama Mitchell Cancer Institute, UNITED STATES
Received: October 15, 2018; Accepted: January 3, 2019; Published: January 15, 2019
Copyright: © 2019 Morgat et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Data Availability: All relevant data are within the manuscript and its Supporting Information files.
Funding: This study was funded by "La ligue contre le Cancer Gironde".
Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Introduction
The Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor (GRPR, also named BB2) is a G-protein coupled receptor of the bombesin family. Its over-expression on the membrane of tumor cells offers the opportunity of a selective targeting, using suitable radiolabelled bioconjugates, for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy (TRT). Tumors that can be targeted with GRPR-based radiotracers are notably, prostate cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer among others [1]. We have recently studied, using immunohistochemistry, the expression of GRPR ina large series of primary breast cancers and found that GRPR was overexpressed in 83.2% of ER-positive tumors but only in 12% of ER-negative tumors (p < 0.00001) [2]. When examined in molecular subtypes, GRPR is over-expressed in 86.2% of luminal-A and 82.8% of luminal-B HER2 negative tumors while triple negative breast cancers and HER2-enriched phenotypes exhibit GRPR over-expression in only 7.8% and 21.3% of cases. Importantly, lymph nodes metastases of GRPR-positive tumors also showed GRPR overexpression [2]. The association between GRPR and ER has also been documented at mRNA level by Dalm and colleagues [3]. Recently, GRP-R antagonists radiolabelled for PET imaging, demonstrated promising results in breast cancer patients. For example, in a small pilot study that used 68Ga-SB3, metastases were successfully visualized in 4 out of 6 patients [4]. In another study, 68Ga-RM2 could image with high contrast 13/18 primary breast tumors and detected metastatic lesions [5]. In a more recent study conducted in 34 women with suspected breast cancer, a novel GRPR antagonist, 68Ga-NOTA-RM26, was able to delineate primary breast tumors in 29/34 patients and lymph nodes metastases in 15/18 patients with node-positive disease [6]. Comparison of breast cancer imaging using GRP-R based radioantagonists and 18F-FDG is now needed to elucidate the place of GRP-R in the complex landscape of breast cancer imaging. This in vitro study aimed to assess the binding of 18F-FDG and that of the GRPR antagonist 68Ga-RM2 on representative breast cancer samples.
Materials and methods
Breast cancer samples
This study was approved by our institutional review board “Institut Bergonié Groupe Sein”. The project and data collection were performed according to the national French commission on informatics and liberty (CNIL). Prior to surgery, patients had given written consent to the use of part of the tumor material for research, after diagnostic procedures had been performed. Fourteen samples of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded breast cancer tissues (10 primary tumors and 4 associated metastatic lymph nodes) were retrospectively selected at Institut Bergonié. Sample characteristics’ are presented in Table 1. No patients had received neoadjuvant hormone therapy or chemotherapy. For each case, 6 successive slices were used: 1 for HES staining, 1 for GRP-R immunohistochemistry and 4 for micro-imaging of tissue radioactivity (one slice per radiopharmaceutical for total binding and one slice per radiopharmaceutical for non-specific binding). GRP-R immunohistochemistry was carried-out as previously described [2].
Immunohistochemistry.
IHC analyses were performed on 3μm tumor sections using specific antibodies directed against ER, PR, HER2/neu, Ki-67 and GRPR. All immunohistochemical techniques were performed on a Roche Ventana Benchmark ultra-automat. Details of antibody clones, manufacturers, dilutions used, incubation times, pretreatment buffers and staining kits are summarized in Table 2.
Nuclear staining was assessed for ER and PR. A negative ER and/or PR status was defined by the presence of less than 1% of positive tumor cells. HER2/neu staining was scored according to the ASCO/CAP 2013 recommendations [7]. Ki-67 index was assessed semi-quantitatively and was considered low when 19% or less of tumor cell nuclei were stained and high when 20% or more tumor cell nuclei were stained. Molecular subtypes of breast cancers were derived from immunohistochemical markers (based on ER status, progesterone receptor PgR status, Ki-67 labeling index and HER2 status) according to St Gallen consensus [8] and Maisonneuve classification [9]. Molecular subtypes were defined as follows: Luminal A-like (HER2-, ER ≥ 1% and Ki-67 < 14% or Ki-67 ranging from 14% to 19% and PgR ≥ 20%); Luminal B-like HER2- (HER2-, ER ≥ 1% and Ki-67 ≥ 20% or Ki-67 14%–19% and PgR < 20%); Luminal B-like HER2+ (HER2+, ER ≥ 1%); HER-2 enriched (HER2+, ER = 0% and PgR = 0%); Triple-negative (ER = 0%, PgR = 0%, HER2-).
Results for GRP-R immunohistochemistry were expressed as previously described [2]. An experimented pathologist (GMG) quantified GRP-R expression and manually drew tumoral regions on the HES slice for quantification.
68Ga-RM2 radiosynthesis and quality controls.
Radiolabelling experiments were performed on an automated synthetisor (GE FastLab, GE Healthcare, GEMS Benelux, Belgium). Briefly, 40μg of RM2 (Life Molecular Imaging) was heated at 90°C during 5min using micro-waves with 1.1 mL 68GaCl3 (GalliEo generator with nominal activity of 1850 MBq, IRE Elit, Belgium) and 5mg of ascorbic acid. The raw solution was then purified on a C18 cartridge (WAT023501) preconditioned with 1mL ethanol (Merck) and 5 mL water (GE Healthcare). The final product was then eluted with 1 mL ethanol and formulated in PBS. 68Ga-RM2 was checked for radiochemical purity using HPLC (Phenomenex Luna C18; 250mm x 4.6mm x 5μm; 2.5 mL/min, λ = 220nm). The analytical HPLC system used was a JASCO system with ChromNAV software, a PU-2089 Plus quaternary gradient pump, a MD-2018 Plus photodiode array detector and Raytest Gabi Star detector. Amount of 68Ga-RM2 was determined by UV-HPLC by linear regression of the calibration curve established using the reference compound natGa-RM2 (Life Molecular Imaging).
Tracer incubation and tissular micro-imaging.
After dewaxing, rehydratation and unmasking, samples were pre-incubated during 10min at 37°C in Tris-HCl buffer at pH 7.4. Then, binding solution containing 5nM of 68Ga-RM2 or 1MBq (amount of 18F-FDG is not determined by the supplier) of 18F-FDG in Tris-HCl buffer pH 8.2, containing 1% of BSA (Sigma-Aldrich), 40μg/mL of bacitracin (Sigma-Aldrich) and 10nM of MgCl2 (Sigma-Aldrich) was applied. To assess non-specific binding, 1μM of reference compounds natGa-RM2 or natF-FDG was added in adjacent slices. Samples were then incubated at 37°C for 2 hours. Afterwards, samples were rinsed 5 times during 8min in cold Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.2 with 0.25% of BSA, 2 times during 8 minutes in cold Tris-HCl buffer at pH 8.2 without BSA and finally 2 times during 5 minutes in distilled water. Finally, samples were dried using air stream and were imaged using a beta imager 2000 (Biospace Lab).
Signal quantification.
The M3Vision software was used for signal quantification. Total binding and non-specific binding were determined using the region of interest (ROI) method. First, a manual fusion by affine transformation of homologous structures was performed using the HES slice to match the radioactivity distribution to histology. Afterwards, on the total binding image (68Ga-RM2 or 18F-FDG alone) a first ROI (tumoral ROI) was placed on the tumoral zone and a second ROI (noise ROI), corresponding to noise, was placed around the tissue. Then, the same ROIs were applied on quantitative images from adjacent slices representing non-specific binding (68Ga-RM2 or 18F-FDG plus excess of reference compound) to define non-specific binding. Finally, data were exported on Excel software for processing. Parameters “Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)” and “Delta” were then calculated. SNR was defined as the signal in tumoral ROI minus signal in noise ROI. Delta was calculated as follow:
Statistical analysis.
Differences between mean values were assessed using non parametric t-test. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software v 6.01.
Retrospective analysis of 18F-FDG PET/CT.
We retrospectively analyzed pre-therapeutic 18F-FDG PET/CT performed at the Nuclear Medicine Department of Institut Bergonié. PET/CT had been performed before surgery in only 2 patients, corresponding to tissue samples 1 and 5 in Table 1. 18F-FDG uptake was measured as SUVmax in a VOI drawn on the breast tumor.
Results
68Ga-RM2 radiosynthesis
68Ga-RM2 was obtained at a mean specific activity of 47.3 ± 16.7 GBq/μmol and a mean radiochemical purity of 99.52 ± 0.18% suitable for in vitro experiments.
Comparison of 68Ga-RM2 binding and GRP-R immunohistochemistry
As a validation step we assessed whether tissular micro-imaging may accurately reflect IHC results. We stratified samples according to their GRP-R status determined by IHC and our results showed that the mean 68Ga-RM2 delta was significantly higher in GRP-R expressing tumors than in GRP-R-negative tumors (33.93 ± 17.55% vs 0.0 ± 0.0%; P = 0.022).
68Ga-RM2 and 18F-FDG bindings
Qualitative analysis.
Qualitative analysis showed a good signal-to-noise ratio, and a binding in agreement with GRPR IHC with clear differences between total and non-specific bindings (Fig 1).
Representative GRP-R IHC (A; GRPR-IHC), HES staining (B; HES, black lines correspond to tumoral areas), 18F-FDG total binding fused with HES (C; 18F-FDG), 18F-FDG non-specific binding fused with HES (D; 18F-FDG + S), 18F-FDG total binding (E; 18F-FDG), 18F-FDG non-specific binding (F; 18F-FDG + S), 68Ga-RM2 total binding fused with HES (G; 68Ga-RM2), 68Ga-RM2 non-specific binding fused with HES (H; 68Ga-RM2 + S), 68Ga-RM2 total binding (I.; 68Ga-RM2), 68Ga-RM2 non-specific binding (J; 68Ga-RM2 + S). S refers to the reference compound used (natF-FDG for 18F-FDG or natGa-RM2 for 68Ga-RM2) to identify non-specific binding. In this sample, specific binding of 68Ga-RM2 is strong and evident while specific binding of 18F-FDG was overall weak and heterogeneous.
Quantitative analysis: Association between 68Ga-RM2 and 18F-FDG bindings and biological data.
There was a significantly higher specific binding of 68Ga-RM2 in the ER+ group vs ER- tumors (45.31 ± 13.23% vs 14.32 ± 9.20%; P = 0.030). Contrarily, there was a trend for lower 18F-FDG uptake in ER+ tumors (16.51 ± 28.45% vs 20.21 ± 17.77% P = 0.479).
There was also a higher specific binding of 68Ga-RM2 in the PR+ groups vs PR- tumors (43.29 ± 13.24% vs 18.18 ± 18.43%; P = 0.028). Contrarily, 18F-FDG uptake looked similar in PR+ and PR- tumors (21.70 ± 31.90% vs 21.13 ± 18.24%; P = 0.730).
A striking difference in 68Ga-RM2 binding was seen according to the percentage of Ki-67 staining. 68Ga-RM2 binding was significantly higher in the low Ki-67 group (49.24 ± 9.15% vs 20.62 ± 17.88%; P = 0.023). Contrarily so, there was a trend for higher 18F-FDG uptake in the high Ki-67 group vs low Ki-67 group (25.77 ± 26.43% vs 10.40 ± 12.35%; P = 0.287).
There were no significant differences in the HER2+ and HER2- groups for 68Ga-RM2 or for 18F-FDG binding (Table 3).
Quantitative analysis: Comparison of 68Ga-RM2 and 18F-FDG bindings.
In ER+ tumors, binding of 68Ga-RM2 was largely higher than18F-FDG (45.31 ± 13.23% vs 16.51 ± 28.45%; P = 0.015), while in ER- tumors binding of 18F-FDG was comparable to that of 68Ga-RM2 (P = 0.483). Therefore, the ratio of mean 68Ga-RM2 binding to 18F-FDG was 3.42 in ER+ tumors vs 0.71 in ER- tumors. There was also a strong trend for higher 68Ga-RM2 binding than 18F-FDG in PR+ tumors (P = 0.089) while no differences were observed in the PR- group (P = 0.626). In these subgroups, the ratio of mean 68Ga-RM2 binding to 18F-FDG was 1.99 in PR+ tumors vs 0.86 in PR- tumors. In tumors with low Ki-67, 68Ga-RM2 binding was also significantly increased compared to 18F-FDG (49.24 ± 9.15% vs 10.40 ± 12.35%; P = 0.029). There was no differences in the bindings of 68Ga-RM2 and 18F-FDG in tumors with high Ki-67 (P = 0.783). These differences translate in a higher ratio of mean 68Ga-RM2 binding to 18F-FDG in low Ki-67 tumors (4.73 vs 0.80). In HER2- tumors, the ratio of mean 68Ga-RM2 binding to 18F-FDG was 1.70 while in HER2+ this ratio reaches only 0.53.
We also looked for 68Ga-RM2 binding in tumors considered negatives for 18F-FDG. Interestingly, 68Ga-RM2 binding was significantly higher in 18F-FDG-negative tumors: 36.03 ± 21.31% in 18F-FDG negative tumors vs 9.75 ± 11.06% in 18F-FDG-positive tumors, P = 0.021, S1 Fig.
18F-FDG PET/CT
Among patients studied using tissular micro-imaging, two had undergone 18F-FDG PET/CT imaging for staging before surgery (Table 4). The first patient had a low 18F-FDG uptake in vivo (SUVmax = 2.5), a negative 18F-FDG delta ex vivo, a high 68Ga-RM2 delta of 37.46% and a positive GRP-R IHC. The second patient had a high 18F-FDG uptake (SUVmax = 9.2), a high 18F-FDG delta of 42.97%, no 68Ga-RM2 binding and a negative GRP-R IHC.
Discussion
The correlation between GRP-R overexpression in breast cancer and estrogen receptor positivity at protein level or mRNA level has been recently highlighted [2,3]. Moreover, it has been documented that when the breast primary is GRPR-positive, lymph node metastases also show GRPR overexpression [2,3]. Several clinical pilot studies have illustrated, in vivo, the potential of GRP-R for breast cancer imaging using radiolabelled GRP-R antagonists such as 68Ga-SB3, 68Ga-RM2 or 68Ga-NOTA-RM26 [4,5,6]. In some of these studies it was shown that ER-positive tumors can be visualized with high contrast [5,6]. 18F-FDG PET/CT is also a valuable tool for staging of invasive breast cancer [10]. Highly 18F-FDG-avid tumors are generally Elston and Ellis grade 3, have a high proliferation index and negative hormone receptor status, while somewhat lower uptake can be encountered in low grade ER-positive tumors and in lobular carcinoma [10]. Indeed, imaging ER-positive breast tumors, especially the luminal-A phenotype, might be challenging using 18F-FDG PET/CT in some patients [11]. Therefore, how GRP-R imaging would perform compared to 18F-FDG in ER-positive breast cancer deserves investigation. We aimed to compare on breast cancer samples the binding of a radiolabelled GRP-R antagonist, 68Ga-RM2, to that of 18F-FDG in order to better understand the potential of GRP-R imaging as a first step before a clinical study comparing the two tracers was launched.
Results of the present study on breast cancer samples showed that GRP-R targeting would be highly relevant in breast cancer, specifically in ER-positive tumors. Mean specific binding of 68Ga-RM2 was 45.31 ± 13.23% in ER-positive tumors and only 14.32 ± 9.20% in ER-negative tumors (P = 0.030). The opposite pattern was noted as regards 18F-FDG bindings. As a result, the ratio of mean 68Ga-RM2 binding to that of 18F-FDG binding in ER+ tumors was 3.42 vs 0.71 in ER- tumors. Another important finding is the high 68Ga-RM2 binding in tumors with low Ki-67 (49.24 ± 9.15%) while tumors with high Ki-67 exhibited lower 68Ga-RM2 binding (20.62 ± 17.88%)(P = 0.023). Also, the ratio of mean 68Ga-RM2 to 18F-FDG binding in tumors with low Ki-67 was significantly higher than in tumors with high Ki-67 (4.73 vs 0.80). Overall, these results suggest a role for GRP-R PET imaging that could be complementary or superior to 18F-FDG imaging in ER-positive tumors with a low proliferation index.
Thus, 18F-FDG PET/CT and GRP-R imaging may be complimentary for imaging breast cancer and more specifically so the ER-positive subtypes. A study comparing a GRPR targeting radiotracer and 18F-FDG for primary staging or for restaging recurrent breast cancer would be appreciated. Another approach that could enhance tumor detection, is the possibility of a multiple targeting as demonstrated by 68Ga-BBN RGD that targets both GRP-R and integrin αvβ3. In a pilot study, this heterodimeric radiopharmaceutical performed better than 68Ga-BBN (that targets only the GRP-R) in the detection of primary tumor and bone lesions in 11 patients [12]. Comparison with 18F-FDG would also be helpful for clinicians.
Finally, GRP-R targeting opens also attractive perspectives for radiopharmaceutical therapy of this subgroup of metastatic luminal patients with antagonists labelled with beta-emitters such as the lanthanides 177Lu [13] or 161Tb [14, 15] or with alpha emitters.
Limitations of this study, apart the number of samples and its retrospective nature, is the 18F-FDG tissular micro-imaging which may appear questionable. Cristallographic studies at the human glucose transporter 1 (GLUT-1) revealed that glucose uptake is a 2-step mechanism involving glucose binding before active transport [16]. Moreover, enhanced 18F-FDG uptake in tumors is not only related to overexpression of glucose transporters but also to enhanced hexokinase activity which was not assessed here. Therefore, our 18F-FDG tissular micro-imaging is relevant (clear displacement of 18F-FDG with reference compound) and revealed at least the 18F-FDG binding site but may over-estimate or underestimate 18F-FDG uptake.
In total, our data point that GRPR targeting should be helpful for imaging breast cancer and more specifically so the ER-positive subtypes. A study comparing a GRPR targeting radiotracer and 18F-FDG for primary staging and for restaging recurrent breast cancer is clearly needed.
Supporting information
S1 Fig. 68Ga-RM2 binding in 18F-FDG-positive (18F-FDG+) and 18F-FDG-negative (18F-FDG-) tumors.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210905.s001
(TIF)
Acknowledgments
Authors thank Life Molecular Imaging for the provision of the precursor RM2 and the reference compound natGa-RM2. Authors thank also CURIUM for the provision of 18F-FDG. This work was funded by “La Ligue contre le Cancer Gironde 2016” and was performed under the context of the French Investment for the Future program within LabEx TRAIL ANR-10-LABX-57.
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