Skip to content
Licensed Unlicensed Requires Authentication Published by De Gruyter Mouton June 14, 2016

Communicative strategies across Quechua languages

  • Aurolyn Luykx EMAIL logo , Fernando García Rivera and Félix Julca Guerrero

Abstract

Though usually referred to as “the Quechua language”, Quechua is actually a diverse language family extending from Colombia to northern Argentina. Quechua languages are not all mutually intelligible, but speakers are generally unaware of that fact, since they use it mostly in local, communitarian settings. This study examines the evolving speech behavior and meta-linguistic discourse of an international group of Quechua speakers, most of whom were encountering different varieties of Quechua for the first time as participants in a two-year graduate program in bilingual-intercultural education. Over the course of the program, students developed several strategies to facilitate communication across their different Quechua varieties. We examine those strategies and their implications for language planning, language education, and the emergence of a broader pan-Quechua identity.

Acknowledgments

Our thanks to the Spencer Foundation for their support of this research. Thanks also to Bruce Mannheim, María Teresa de la Piedra, and an anonymous reviewer, for their comments and suggestions on preliminary versions of the manuscript.

References

Adelaar, Willem. 2007. The languages of the Andes (Cambridge Language Surveys). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Albó, Xavier. 1977. El futuro de las lenguas oprimidas en los Andes (Documento de trabajo 33). Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.Search in Google Scholar

Albó, Xavier. 1995. Bolivia plurilingüe: Guia para planificadores y educadores (Cuadernos de Investigación 44). La Paz: UNICEF/CIPCA.Search in Google Scholar

Albro, Robert. 1998. Neoliberal ritualists of Urkupiña: Bedeviling patrimonial identity in a Bolivian patronal fiesta. Ethnology 37(2). 133–164.10.2307/3774001Search in Google Scholar

Anderson, Benedict. 2006. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism (revised edn.). London: Verso.Search in Google Scholar

Brison, K. 2003. The Pacific islands. In R. Scupin (ed.), Race and ethnicity: An anthropological focus on the United States and the world, 373–401. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.Search in Google Scholar

Cecilie, Vindal. 2010. Mobility, markets, and indigenous socialities: Contemporary migration in the Peruvian Andes. Surrey, UK: Ashgate.Search in Google Scholar

Cenoz, Jasone C. & Nancy H. Hornberger (eds.). 2008. Knowledge about language (Encyclopedia of language and education, Volume 6). New York, NY: Springer.Search in Google Scholar

Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. 2004. El aimara como lengua oficial de los incas. Boletín de Arqueología 8 (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú), 9–21.Search in Google Scholar

Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. 2003a. Lingüística Quechua, 2nd edn. Cusco: Centro de Estudios Rurales Andinos “Bartolomé de las Casas.”Search in Google Scholar

Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. 2003b. Castellano andino: Aspectos sociolingüísticos, pedagógicos y gramaticales. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.Search in Google Scholar

Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo. 1987. Multilingüismo y política idiomática en el Perú. Allpanchis 29/30. 17–44.10.36901/allpanchis.v19i29/30.967Search in Google Scholar

Coronel-Molina, Serafin. 2011. Language and education policy in the Peruvian highlands. In Francis M. Hult & Kendall A. King (eds.), Educational linguistics in practice: applying the local globally and the global locally (Bilingual Education and Bilingualism), 140–153. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781847693549-014Search in Google Scholar

Colonel-Molina, Serafin. 1999. Planificación del corpus del quechua sureño peruano [Corpus planning for southern Peruvian Quechua]. In Anita Herzfeld & Yolanda Lastra (eds.), Las causas sociales de la desaparición y del mantenimiento de las lenguas en las naciones de América, 189–203. Hermosillo, México: Universidad de Sonora.Search in Google Scholar

Crawford, James. 1996. Seven hypotheses on language loss causes and cures. In Gina Cantoni (ed.), Stabilizing indigenous languages, 45–60. Flagstaff: Northern Arizona University.Search in Google Scholar

Durston, Alan. 2007. Pastoral Quechua: The history of Christian translation in colonial Peru, 1550–1650. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.10.2307/j.ctvpg8689Search in Google Scholar

Echevarria, J., M. Vogt & D. Short. 2004. Making content comprehensible for English learners: The SIOP model, 2nd ed. Boston, MA: Pearson.Search in Google Scholar

Estudiantes PROEIB Andes (6ta promoción) & Inge Sichra. 2011. Lenguas indígenas en la formación docente. Revista Pueblos indígenas y Educación 60. 25–69.Search in Google Scholar

Ferguson, Charles. 1959. Diglossia. Word 15. 325–340.10.1080/00437956.1959.11659702Search in Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A. 2006 (1995). On the limits of ethnolinguistic democracy. In Nancy Hornberger & Martin Pütz (eds.), Language loyalty, language planning, and language revitalization: Recent writings and reflections from Joshua A. Fishman, 195–207. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.10.1515/9783110866391.49Search in Google Scholar

Fishman, Joshua A. 1967. Bilingualism with and without diglossia; Diglossia with and without bilingualism. Journal of Social Issues 23(2). 29–38.10.4324/9781003060406-8Search in Google Scholar

Godenzzi, Juan Carlos (ed.). 1992. El Quechua en debate: Ideología, normalización y enseñanza. Cusco (Peru): Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos “Bartolomé de las Casas.”Search in Google Scholar

Greenberg, Robert David. 2004. Language and identity in the Balkans: Serbo-Croation and its disintegration. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.2307/20058291Search in Google Scholar

Guion, Susan G. 2003. The vowel systems of Quichua-Spanish bilinguals: Age of acquisition effects on the mutual influence of the first and second languages. Phonetica 60. 98–128.10.1159/000071449Search in Google Scholar

Hardman, M. J. 1985. Aymara and Quechua: Languages in contact. In Harriet E. Manelis & Louisa R. Stark (eds.), South American Indian languages: Retrospect and prospect, 617–643. Austin: University of Texas Press.10.7560/775923-017Search in Google Scholar

Hardman de Bautista, Martha. 1985. The imperial languages of the Andes. In Nessa Wolfson & Joan Manes (eds.), Language of inequality (Contributions to the Sociology of Language 36), 182–193. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110857320.182Search in Google Scholar

Heggarty, Paul. 2007. Linguistics for archaeologists: Principles, methods and the case of the Incas. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 17(3). 311–440.10.1017/S095977430700039XSearch in Google Scholar

Heggarty, Paul. 2008. Linguistics for archaeologists: A case-study in the Andes. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18(1). 35–56.10.1017/S0959774308000036Search in Google Scholar

Hornberger, Nancy H. & Serafín Colonel-Molina. 2004. Quechua language shift, maintenance, and revitalization in the Andes: The case for language planning. In Kendall A. King & Nancy H. Hornberger (eds.), Quechua sociolinguistics. [Special issue]. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 167. 9–67.Search in Google Scholar

Hornberger, Nancy H. & Kendall King. 1998. Authenticity and unification in Quechua language planning. Language, Culture and Curriculum 11(3). 490–510.10.1080/07908319808666564Search in Google Scholar

Howard, Rosaleen. 2011. The Quechua Language in the Andes Today: Between Statistics, the State, and Daily Life. In Paul Heggerty & Adrian J. Pearce (eds.), History and language in the Andes, 189–213. New York, NY: Palgrave.10.1057/9780230370579_9Search in Google Scholar

Itier, César. 1995. El teatro quechua en Cuzco. Cusco: Centro de Estudios Regionales Andinos “Bartolomé de las Casas.”Search in Google Scholar

Itier, César. 2000. Lengua general y quechua cuzqueño en los siglos XVI y XVII. In Luis Millones, Hiroyasu Tomoeda, & Tatsuhiko Fujii (eds.), Desde afuera y desde adentro: Ensayos de etnografía e historia del Cuzco y Apurimac, 47–59. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology.Search in Google Scholar

Itier, César. 2011. What was the lengua general of colonial Peru? In Paul Heggerty & Adrian J. Pearce (eds.), History and language in the Andes, 63–86. New York, NY: Palgrave.10.1057/9780230370579_4Search in Google Scholar

Julca, Felix G. 2009. Quechua Ancashino: Una mirada actual. Lima: Care Perú / Fondo Editorial del Pedagógico San Marcos.Search in Google Scholar

Jung, Ingrid. 1992. Conflicto cultural y educación: El proyecto de educación bilingüe-Puno/Perú. Quito: Abya-Yala.Search in Google Scholar

Keane, Webb. 1997. Public speaking: On Indonesian as the language of the nation. Public Culture 15(3). 503–530.10.1215/08992363-15-3-503Search in Google Scholar

King, Kendall A. 2001. Language revitalization processes and prospects: Quichua in the Ecuadorian Andes. Clevedon (UK): Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853597077Search in Google Scholar

Klee, Carol A., & Rocío Caravedo. 2005. Contact-induced language change in Lima, Peru: The case of clitic pronouns. In Selected Proceedings of the 7th Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, 12–21. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Search in Google Scholar

Kulick, Don. 1992. Language shift and cultural reproduction: Socialization, self, and syncretism in a Papua New Guinean village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Lippi-Green, Rossina. 2012. English with an accent: Language, ideology, and discrimination in the United States, 2nd edn. New York, NY: Routledge.10.4324/9780203348802Search in Google Scholar

Luykx, Aurolyn. 1999a. ¿Es posible el bilingüismo igualitario? La diferenciación funcional de códigos y el futuro de las lenguas minoritarias. In L. E. López & I. Jung (eds.), Sobre las huellas de la voz: Sociolingüística de la oralidad y la escritura en su relación con la educación, 192–212. Madrid: Ediciones Morata.Search in Google Scholar

Luykx, Aurolyn. 1999b. The citizen factory: Schooling and cultural production in Bolivia. Albany: State University of New York Press.Search in Google Scholar

Luykx, Aurolyn. 2000. Use of indigenous languages in higher education: Shaping round pegs to fit square holes. Annual Meeting of the National Academy of Education /Spencer Foundation Fall Fellows Forum, New York, Oct. 11–13.Search in Google Scholar

Luykx, Aurolyn. 2001. Across the Andean airwaves: Satellite radio broadcasting in Quechua. In Christopher Moseley, Nicholas Ostler & Hassan Ouzzate (eds.), Endangered languages and the media: Proceedings of the 5th Foundation for Endangered Languages conference (Agadir, Morocco), 115–119. Bath, UK: Foundation for Endangered Languages.Search in Google Scholar

Luykx, Aurolyn. 2004. The future of Quechua and the Quechua of the future: Sanguage ideologies and language planning in Bolivia. International Journal of the Sociology of Language 167. 147–158.10.1515/ijsl.2004.019Search in Google Scholar

Macdonald, Theodore. 1998. Ethnicity and culture amidst new “neighbors”: The Runa of Ecuador’s Amazon region. Boston, MA: Pearson.Search in Google Scholar

Mannheim, Bruce. 1991. The language of the Inka since the European invasion. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.10.7560/746633Search in Google Scholar

Paris, Django. 2013. Language across difference: Ethnicity, communication and youth identities in changing urban schools. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Pearce, Adrian J. & Paul Heggerty. 2011a. History, linguistics, and the Andean past: A much-needed conversation. In Paul Heggerty & Adrian J. Pearce (eds.), History and language in the Andes, 1–15. New York, NY: Palgrave.10.1057/9780230370579_1Search in Google Scholar

Pearce, Adrian J. & Paul Heggerty. 2011b. “Mining the data” on the Huancayo-Huancavelica Quechua frontier. In Paul Heggerty & Adrian J. Pearce (eds.), History and language in the Andes, 87–109. New York, NY: Palgrave.10.1057/9780230370579_5Search in Google Scholar

Pérez Silva, Jorge Iván. 2011. Los innumerables vocales del quechua. In Willem Adelaar, Pilar Valenzuela Bismarck, & Roberto Zariquiey Biondi (eds.), Estudios sobre lenguas andinas y amazónicas: Homenaje a Rodolfo Cerrón-Palomino, 211–231. Lima: Fondo Editorial de la Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.Search in Google Scholar

Perry, Theresa & Lisa Delpit (eds.). 1998. The real Ebonics debate: Power, language, and the education of African American children. Boston: Beacon Press.Search in Google Scholar

Ramírez, J. David, Terence G. Wiley, Gerda de Clerk, Enid Lee, & Wayne E. Wright. 2005. Ebonics: The urban education debate, 2nd edn. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.Search in Google Scholar

Reagan, Timothy. 2002. Language, education, and ideology: Mapping the linguistic landscape of U.S. schools. Westport, CT: Praeger.Search in Google Scholar

Regalsky, Pablo & Nina Laurie. 2007. “The school, whose place is this?” The deep structures of the hidden curriculum in indigenous education in Bolivia. Comparative Education 43(2). 31–51.10.1080/03050060701362482Search in Google Scholar

Sichra, Inge. 2003. La vitalidad del quechua: Lengua y sociedad en dos provincias de Cochabamba. La Paz (Bolivia): PROEIB Andes/Plural Editores.Search in Google Scholar

Spitulnik, Debra. 1998. Mediating unity and diversity: The production of language ideologies in Zambian broadcasting. In Bambi B. Shieffelin, Kathryn A. Woolard, & Roy V. Kroskrity (eds.), Language ideologies: Practice and theory, 163–188. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Stratford, Billie Dale. 1989. Structure and use of altiplano Spanish. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation. Gainesville: University of Florida.Search in Google Scholar

Svelmoe, William L. 2009. “We do not want to masquerade as linguists”: A short history of SIL and the academy. Language 85(3). 629–63510.1353/lan.0.0153Search in Google Scholar

Taylor, Gerald. 2006 (1987). Ritos y tradiciones de Huarochirí. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Search in Google Scholar

Torero Fernández de Cordova, Alfredo. 1974. El quechua y la historia social andina. Lima: Universidad Ricardo Palma.Search in Google Scholar

Trudgill, Peter. 2000. Sociolinguistics: An introduction to language and society, 4th edn. New York, NY: Penguin.Search in Google Scholar

Wyman, Leisy T., Teresa L. McCarty & Sheila E. Nicholas. 2014. Beyond endangerment: Indigenous youth and multilingualism. In Leisy T. Wyman, Teresa L. McCarty & Sheila E. Nicholas (eds.), Indigenous youth and multilingualism: Language identity, ideology, and practice in dynamic cultural worlds, 1–25. New York, NY: Routledge.10.4324/9780203121436Search in Google Scholar

Zúñiga, Madeleine. 1990. Educational policies and experiments among indigenous populations in Peru. Prospects: Quarterly Review of Education 20(3). 365–376.10.1007/BF02195078Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2016-06-14
Published in Print: 2016-07-01

©2016 by De Gruyter Mouton

Downloaded on 25.4.2024 from https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ijsl-2016-0018/html
Scroll to top button