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Cryogenic electron microscopy for quantum science

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Abstract

Electron microscopy is uniquely suited for atomic-resolution imaging of heterogeneous and complex materials, where composition, physical, and electronic structure need to be analyzed simultaneously. Historically, the technique has demonstrated optimal performance at room temperature, since practical aspects such as vibration, drift, and contamination limit exploration at extreme temperature regimes. Conversely, quantum materials that exhibit exotic physical properties directly tied to the quantum mechanical nature of electrons are best studied (and often only exist) at extremely low temperatures. As a result, emergent phenomena, such as superconductivity, are typically studied using scanning probe-based techniques that can provide exquisite structural and electronic characterization, but are necessarily limited to surfaces. In this article, we focus not on the various methods that have been used to examine quantum materials at extremely low temperatures, but on what could be accomplished in the field of quantum materials if the power of electron microscopy to provide structural analysis at the atomic scale was extended to extremely low temperatures.

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Acknowledgments

The content of this article is based on a workshop held in Berkeley, Calif., in January 2019. We would like to thank all of the workshop participants for contributing to the discussions that led to this article, especially the invited speakers: L. Kourkourtis, A. Pasupathy, K. Müller-Caspary, A. Petford-Long, J. Cha, J. Analytis, R. Ramesh, P. Crozier, C. Regan, A. Salleo, Y. Zhu, J. Idrobo, M. Kociak, and J. Dionne. A.M. and the workshop were supported by the Molecular Foundry, which is supported by the Office of Science, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, of the US Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC02–05CH11231. A.M. was also supported by the DOE, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Materials Sciences and Engineering Division under Contract No. DE-AC02–05-CH11231 within the High-Coherence Multilayer Superconducting Structures for Large Scale Qubit Integration and Photonic Transduction Program. P.D. acknowledges support by the DOE, Office of Science, Basic Energy Sciences, Scientific User Facilities Division under Contract No. DE-AC02–05-CH11231. D.M. also acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) through the PARADIM materials innovation platform under Cooperative Agreement No. DMR-1539918, and the Cornell Center for Materials Research, an NSF materials research science and engineering center (Grant No. DMR-1719875).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of California, Berkeley, and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA

    Andrew M. Minor

  2. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA

    Peter Denes

  3. School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, USA

    David A. Muller

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  1. Andrew M. Minor
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Correspondence to Andrew M. Minor.

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Minor, A.M., Denes, P. & Muller, D.A. Cryogenic electron microscopy for quantum science. MRS Bulletin 44, 961–966 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1557/mrs.2019.288

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