Yeast fermented additive enhances broiler growth

Yasar, Sulhattin; Yegen, Mustafa Kemal

doi:10.1590/S1806-92902017001000004

ABSTRACT

We investigated the effects of dietary supplementations of yeast (YFA) or non-yeast fermented additives (NYFA) at 5.0 and 10 g kg⁻¹ on the performance parameters and the size of digestive organs of broiler chickens. An isocaloric and isonitrogenous basal diet used as negative control was added with 5.0 or 10.0 g kg⁻¹ of YFA or NYFA. Each of five experimental diets was given to broiler chickens kept in three randomized floor pens, each with 21 birds, from one-day old to 42 days old. Although the feed intake of broiler chickens was not significantly influenced by the diets, there were significant increases in weight gain and improvements in feed conversion ratio and carcass yield in broiler chickens fed the diets supplemented with 5.0 and 10 g kg⁻¹ of YFA and NYFA. The rate of improved weight gain and feed conversion ratio by the dietary treatments was proportional to their viable yeast counts. The diet containing 10 g kg⁻¹ of NYFA was not recommended due to remarkably reduced carcass yield as a result of increased weights of digestive tract. The remaining dietary treatments generally caused a reduced length and relative weight of the digestive tract. Of the dietary treatments, the diet containing 10 g kg⁻¹ YFA caused a significant increase in digesta viscosity with the diet. Significant growth-promoting effects were obtained from the dietary supplementations of 5.0 g kg⁻¹ NYFA or 5.0 and 10 g kg⁻¹ YFA.

Key Words:
broiler; fermentation; microbial additive; yeast

Introduction

Yeast-containing additives could be used as alternatives to the feed antibiotics due to their beneficial performance and health effects on monogastric animals (Dhama et al., 2015Dhama, K.; Latheef, S. K.; Mani, S.; Abdul Samad, H.; Karthik, K.; Tiwari, R.; Ullah Khan, R.; Alagawany, M.; Farag, M. R.; Alam, G. M.; Laudadio, V. and Tufarelli, V. 2015. Multiple beneficial applications and modes of action of herbs in poultry health and production-A review. International Journal of Pharmacology 11:152-176.; Wang and Xu, 2008Wang, Y. and Xu, B. 2008. Effect of different selenium source (sodium selenite and selenium yeast) on broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science & Technology 144:306-314.; Dębski et al., 2004Dębski, B.; Zalewski, W.; Gralak, M. A. and Kosla, K. 2004. Chromium-yeast supplementation of chicken broilers in an industrial farming system. Journal of Trace Elements in Medical & Biolology 18: 47-51.), especially under heat stress (Haldar et al., 2011Haldar, S.; Ghosh, T. K.; Toshiwati and Bedford, M. R. 2011. Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and yeast protein concentrate on production performance of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress and challenged with Salmonella enteritidis. Animal Feed Science & Technology 168:61-71.). In poultry, yeast probiotics have been found more effective than other probiotics to improve performance of birds (Reisinger et al., 2012Reisinger, N.; Ganner, A.; Masching, S.; Schatzmayr, G. and Applegate, T. J. 2012. Efficacy of a yeast derivative on broiler performance, intestinal morphology and blood profile. Livestock Science 143:195-200.; Yasar and Desen, 2014Yasar, S. and Desen, D. E. 2014. Efficacy of a feed probiotic bacteria (Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415), spore (Bacillus subtilis ATCC PTA-6737) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in Japanese quails. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnology 71:63-70.). Furthermore, a new report testing several probiotics of Lactobacillus spp. showed no favorable effects on broiler performance (Olnood et al., 2015Olnood, C.; Beski, S.; Choct, M. and Iji, P. 2015. Novel probiotics: Their effects on growth performance, gut development, microbial community and activity of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition 3:194-191.). Nevertheless, the supplementation of the diets with yeast probiotics at 0.15 to 0.3% have been shown to improve the performance of birds to a level achieved by the use of dietary antibiotic levels (Onifade et al., 1999Onifade A. A.; Odunsi A. A. and Babatunde G. M. 1999. Comparison of the supplemental effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antibiotics in low-protein and high-fiber diets fed to broiler chickens. Archiv Fur Tierernahrung 52:29-39.). It has been recently shown that this kind of effect is due to the bacteriocin-producing effects of yeast probiotics when used single or together with lactic acid bacteria species in the diet of broiler chickens (Chen et al., 2016Chen, C. H.; Chen, S. W. and Wand, H. T. 2016. Effect of supplementation of yeast with bacteriocin and Lactobacillus culture on growth performance, cecal fermentation, microbiota composition, and blood characteristics in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 30:211-220.).

In general, the fermented products are the microbial products of solid-state fermentation (SSF) utilized from generally regarded as safe microorganisms. It is well known that the microbial enzymes and several types of feed probiotic additives are produced through the SSF process, in which the production yield is higher than that in liquid state fermentation (Nigam and Pandey, 2009Nigam, P. S. N and Pandey, A. 2009. Solid-state fermentation technology for bioconversion of biomass and agricultural residues utilization. p.197-223. In: Biotechnology for agro-industrial residues. Singh nee’ Nigam, P. and Pandey, A., eds. C Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Dordrecht, Netherlands.). In such SSF process, the optimization of fermentation conditions is very important. For instance, an unaffected broiler performance was reported with a feed fermented at the conditions of low water content of 250 g kg⁻¹ and pH above 5.0 without use of microbial inoculants. However, when the feed fermented at the same conditions with the use of microbial inoculants, it comparatively induced improved broiler performance (Chen et al., 2009Chen, K. L.; Kho, W. L.; You, S. H.; Yeh, R. H.; Tang, S. W. and Hsieh, W. 2009. Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. natto and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed fermented feed on the enhanced growth performance of broilers. Poultry Science 88:309-315.). This result clearly indicates that low water activity and high pH values (more than 5.0) are not suitable for the activation of endogenous natural microbiota of the fermenting substrate, in which the addition of exogenous microbial inoculant is necessary. Based on our recent findings (Yasar et al., 2016Yasar, S.; Gok, M. S. and Gurbuz, Y. 2016. Performance of broilers fed raw or fermented and re-dried wheat, barley and oats grains. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 40:313-323.; Yasar and Gok, 2014Yasar, S. and Gok, M. S. 2014. Fattening performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed on diets with high levels of dry fermented wheat, barley and oats grains in whey with citrus pomace. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnology 71:51-62.), an optimised SSF process using no exogenous microbial inoculation was used to produce fermented products, which improved nutritional value in poultry. These feed materials were also good carriers for direct-fed microbial (Saccharomyces spp., and Lactobacillus spp.). The optimization of SSF process in these studies was managed under the conditions of moisture content not less than 600 g kg⁻¹ and pH of less than 5.0 (Yasar et al., 2016Yasar, S.; Gok, M. S. and Gurbuz, Y. 2016. Performance of broilers fed raw or fermented and re-dried wheat, barley and oats grains. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 40:313-323.; Yasar and Gok, 2014Yasar, S. and Gok, M. S. 2014. Fattening performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed on diets with high levels of dry fermented wheat, barley and oats grains in whey with citrus pomace. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnology 71:51-62.). In these studies, it was shown that the fresh liquid whey could be used instead of water to yield the required amount of moisture content and citrus pomace as acidifying agent for lowering pH.

We herein proposed to determine the efficacy of yeast (YFA) and non-yeast fermented additives (NYFA) produced according to an optimized SSF process in a broiler feeding trial.

Material and Methods

The study was conducted in Isparta, Isparta Province, Turkey (37°45'45.536" N and 30°33'13.338" E).

A mixture of cereal grain flour, whey, and tomato pomace was prepared in two batches, each with 40 kg. The ratio of fermentation ingredients used is confidential of an on-going patent application, not provided herein. The first batch of YFA was produced by the inoculation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae at 9×10⁹ cfu (colony-forming unit) per kg, whereas no microbial inoculants were used for the production of second batch of NYFA. Two batches of fermentation were conducted in a 90-L laboratory bioreactor under fixed and controlled conditions for 24 h at 35 °C, pH <5.0 and 60% total moisture. Fine powder of rosemary leaves was homogenously mixed with final products before drying. Total titratable acidity of the fermentation product at 0 and 24 h was measured by the titration of 10 times diluted samples with 0.02 M NaOH until an endpoint of pH 8.2 was reached and the results were calculated as percentage of the total mass (w/w). The fermented mixture was immediately dried at 24 °C for 72 h. The viable cell counts of Saccharomyces spp. in YFA and NYFA and the diets containing YFA and NYFA were enumerated as cfu by a pour plate method (ISO, 2009ISO - International Organization for Standardization. 2009. Animal feeding stuffs – Isolation and enumeration of yeast probiotic strains. EN 15789:2009.), using yeast extract dextrose chloramphenicol agar (CGYE) incubated at 35 °C for 48 h.

Dried YFA and its positive control of NYFA were added to a basal diet (negative control) at 5.0 or 10.0 g kg⁻¹ at the expense of wheat grain (Table 1). Thus, these five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were tested in a broiler feeding trial, which was approved by the local Animal Ethic committee of 26/02/2013 (tarih ve 01 sayı).

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Table 1
Compositions of basal diet (negative control)

Three hundred fifteen one-day-old birds (Ross 308PM), kept on 15 randomized floor pens, each with 21 chicks were fed the diets. The experimental model was of five diets by three randomized pen replicates. The trial lasted from 1 to 42 days of age. Feed and water were freely accessible to the birds. Room temperature was 34±1 °C at the beginning of the experiment and gradually decreased to 24 °C on 21st day of the experiment. The amount of consumed feed (feed intake, FI) of birds kept in each pen was daily recorded. The birds were weighted at the end of every week to measure individual body weight (BW). Weight gain (WG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated from the weekly FI and BW values per pen.

The carcass yield, length, and weight of digestive tract (TDT), foregut (esophagus, crop, gizzard, proventriculus), small intestine, ceacae, and colon were measured in three birds from each replicate pen at 21 days of age and in all birds at the age of 42 days.

The ileal contents were collected and centrifuged to obtain supernatants for the measurements of its viscosity using a Brookfield LVTD-CP-40, USA) and its pH using a digital pH meter.

The data regarding growth performance was subjected to analysis of variance according to general linear model (GLM) using the SPSS statistical program (SPSS, version 22), in which a least significant difference test (P<0.05) was applied to the treatment means.

Results

Average moisture content of both SSF batches (YFA and NYFA) at 0 h of fermentation period was 600 g kg⁻¹, which was reduced to 580 g kg⁻¹ by the end of 24 h of fermentation. This is an expected increase in dry matter during the SSF process. The final wet products were dried for 72 h at room temperature. The moisture levels of both SSF batches did not differ significantly (P>0.05) at 24, 48, and 72 h. The averaged corresponding moisture contents at 24, 48, and 72 h were 180, 140, and 100 g kg⁻¹, respectively. At 0 h fermentation, YFA and NYFA products had a pH of 5.88±0.5 and 5.99±0.3, respectively, and the corresponding values were reduced to 3.90±0.7 in YFA and 4.08±0.2 in NYFA product by the end of 24 h of fermentation. The reduction in the pH was parallel to the titratable acidity values of both feed additives, which were almost the same, 56±1.55 g kg⁻¹, as compared with the value of 5.0±0.5 g kg⁻¹ of the same substrates at 0 h of the fermentation period. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in viable yeast counts between the NYFA and YFA. Non-yeast fermented additives have an active yeast count of 3×10¹⁰±0.15 cfu kg⁻¹, which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of YFA, measured as 9×10⁸±0.017 cfu kg⁻¹. Microbial activity was reduced nearly by a 1.0 log in YFA, while YFA was initially inoculated with 9×10⁹ cfu yeast per kg. The differences in viable yeast counts of YFA and NYFA were well reflected on the yeast counts of the diets supplemented with these additives. The diet supplemented with NYFA at 5.0 g kg⁻¹ has a 1.52×10⁷±0.045 cfu kg⁻¹ and the diet supplemented with NYFA at 10.0 g kg⁻¹ had a 3.10×10⁷±0.25 cfu kg⁻¹ active yeast counts, respectively. Similarly, the diet supplemented with YFA at 5.0 g kg⁻¹ had a yeast count of 4.55×10⁵±0.75 cfu kg⁻¹ and the diets supplemented with YFA at 10.0 g kg⁻¹ had a yeast count of 9.20×10⁵±0.10 cfu kg⁻¹ (Table 2).

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Table 2
Active yeast cell counts (cfu kg⁻¹) of the diets supplemented with NYFA and YFA at 5.0 and 10.0 g kg⁻¹

The birds fed the test diets had almost similar FI at both 21 and 42 days of age (Table 3), except that the birds fed the diet supplemented with NYFA at 10 g kg⁻¹ numerically increased FI at 42 days of age. Effects of YFA and NYFA on BW, WG, and FCR on broilers were significant (P<0.05) at 21st and 42nd days of experiment (Table 2). Comparing with the values obtained with the birds fed the negative control diet, there was a significant increase (P<0.05) in BW and WG of the birds fed the diets containing NYFA at 5 and 10 g kg⁻¹ at the 21st day and 42nd day. Significantly (P<0.05) improved FCR values were obtained from the 21-day-old birds fed diets of NYFA at both supplementation doses, compared with FCR of the birds fed the negative control diet. Similarly, the FCR values of 42-day-old birds fed the diets of NYFA of both doses and the diet supplemented with YFA at 10 g kg⁻¹ were remarkably (P<0.05) higher than the FCR value of birds fed the negative control diet. Furthermore, the number of dead birds fed the different diets was found insignificant in our study (Table 2).

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Table 3
Effects of NYFA and YFA supplementations at 5.0 and 10.0 g kg⁻¹ on body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio of birds at the ages of 21 and 42 days

Carcass yield of broilers was not influenced by dietary treatments at the 21st day (Table 4). But, there was a significant (P<0.05) reduction in the carcass weight of 42-day-old broilers fed the diet supplemented with NYFA at 10 g kg⁻¹.

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Table 4
Effects of NYFA and YFA supplementations at 5.0 and 10.0 g kg⁻¹ on carcass yield (kg per 100 kg BW) and weights (g per bird) of total digestive tract (TDT) and digestive organs of birds at days 21 and 42

The weight of TDT was not influenced by the dietary diets at 21st day of the study, but significantly (P<0.05) influenced at the 42nd day of this study (Table 4). Of the birds at 42 days old, the birds fed the diet supplemented with NYFA at 5.0 g kg⁻¹and YFA at 10.0 g kg⁻¹ had significantly (P<0.05) reduced weight of TDT. Highest TDT weight was obtained from the birds fed the diet supplemented with NYFA at 10 g kg⁻¹. When compared with the negative control diet, all the dietary treatments at the 21st day of the study and only the diets supplemented with NYFA at 5.0 g kg⁻¹ and YFA at 10.0 g kg⁻¹ at the 42nd day of the study caused a significant (P<0.05) reduction in heart weight. The diet supplemented with NYFA at 5.0 g kg⁻¹ significantly (P<0.05) reduced liver weight as opposed to a significantly increased liver weight (P<0.05) in the birds fed the diet supplemented with NYFA at 10.0 g kg⁻¹, only at the age of 42 days. These effects of treatments were, however, sporadic.

The dietary treatments had a significant (P<0.05) effect on the lengths of TDT, foregut, and small intestine of broilers at the 42nd day of the study, but not at the 21st day (Table 5). A significant (P<0.05) and constant reduction in the lengths of various digestive segments (TDT, foregut, small intestine, caeca, and colon) was observed in the birds fed the diets supplemented with NYFA at 5.0 g kg⁻¹ as opposed to a significant reduction of these parameters in the birds fed the diet supplemented with NYFA at 10.0 g kg⁻¹ at the 42nd day of this study (Table 5). The effects of the diet supplemented with NYFA and YFA at other doses were sporadic, not consistent. In this study, the viscosity and pH of ileal contents of broilers were not affected by the dietary treatments, although there was an increased ileal viscosity in the broilers fed the diet supplemented with YFA at 10 g kg⁻¹ (Table 6).

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Table 5
Length (cm per bird) of total digestive tract (TDT), foregut (esophagus, crop, proventriculus, and gizzard), small intestine, caeca, and colon of birds of 21 and 42 days old fed the negative control diet and the diets supplemented with NYFA and YFA at 5.0 and 10.0 g kg⁻¹

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Table 6
Viscosity (cPs) and pH of ileal contents of birds of 21 and 42 days old fed the negative control diet and the diets supplemented with NYFA and YFA at 5.0 and 10.0 g kg⁻¹

Discussion

The SSF in this study lasted for 24 h by a successful optimization of the fermentation conditions. During SSF, the temperature ranged from 37 to 39 °C, pH from 5.0 at 0 h to around 4.0 and moisture content from 600 to 580 g kg⁻¹. The pH under 5.0 is suitable for inhibition of pathogenic microorganisms. Further decrease in pH of the fermented substrate was normally caused by the productions of organic acids (Canibe and Jensen, 2003Canibe, N. and Jensen, B. B. 2003. Fermented and non-fermented liquid feed to growing pigs: Effect on aspects of gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance. Journal of Animal Science 81:2019-2031.; Canibe et al., 2006Canibe, N.; Virtanen, E. and Jensen, B. B. 2006. Microbial and nutritional characteristics of pig liquid feed during fermentation. Animal Feed Science & Technology 134:108-123.), whose levels were significantly high (56 g kg⁻¹) in this study. Overall, the results of fermentation parameters in this SSF process were similar to the results obtained previously (Yasar et al., 2016Yasar, S.; Gok, M. S. and Gurbuz, Y. 2016. Performance of broilers fed raw or fermented and re-dried wheat, barley and oats grains. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 40:313-323.; Yasar and Gok, 2014Yasar, S. and Gok, M. S. 2014. Fattening performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed on diets with high levels of dry fermented wheat, barley and oats grains in whey with citrus pomace. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnology 71:51-62.; Chen et al., 2013Chen, W.; Zhu, Z. X.; Wang, J. P.; Wang, Z. X. and Huang, Y. Q. 2013. Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. Natto and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented liquid feed on growth performance, relative organ weight, intestinal microflora, and organ antioxidant status in Landes geese. Journal of Animal Science 91:978-985.).

No increased FI of the birds by the dietary treatments in this study was observed with the supplementations of poultry diets with similar feed additive products, suggesting that the beneficial performance effects of probiotic additives are not regulated by the changes in voluntary feed intake in poultry (Gao et al., 2008Gao, J.; Zhang, H. J.; Yu, S. H.; Wu, S. G.; Yoon, I.; Quigley, J.; Gao, Y. P. and Qi, G. H. 2008. Effects of yeast culture in broiler diets on performance and immunomodulatory functions. Poultry Science 87:1377-1384.; Sarica et al., 2009Sarica, S.; Corduk, M.; Yarim, G. F.; Yenisehirli, G. and Karatas, U. 2009. Effects of novel feed additives in wheat based diets on performance, carcass and intestinal tract characteristics of quail. South African Journal of Animal Science 39:144-157.).

The results of promoted growth rate and improved FCR in the case of diets supplemented with NYFA and YFA in our study were in good agreement with the results reported earlier (Yasar and Desen, 2014Yasar, S. and Desen, D. E. 2014. Efficacy of a feed probiotic bacteria (Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415), spore (Bacillus subtilis ATCC PTA-6737) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in Japanese quails. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnology 71:63-70.; Reisinger et al., 2012Reisinger, N.; Ganner, A.; Masching, S.; Schatzmayr, G. and Applegate, T. J. 2012. Efficacy of a yeast derivative on broiler performance, intestinal morphology and blood profile. Livestock Science 143:195-200.; Haldar et al., 2011Haldar, S.; Ghosh, T. K.; Toshiwati and Bedford, M. R. 2011. Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and yeast protein concentrate on production performance of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress and challenged with Salmonella enteritidis. Animal Feed Science & Technology 168:61-71.). On the other hand, there were other studies reporting different results with the use of the same probiotic product in broiler chickens. Although there was no influence of 0.5 and 1.0% supplementation of a probiotic additive (protexin) neither on growth performance nor on carcass yield in Japanese quails (Ayaşan, 2016Ayaşan, T. 2016. Efficacy of probiotic supplementation on growth performance and carcass traits in Japanese quails. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 86:795-798.), the same additive significantly (P<0.05) increased the body weight of broiler chickens (Fallah, 2016Fallah, R. 2016. Productive performance, carcass trait and blood parameters of broiler chickens fed different levels of dried whey and protexin probiotic. International Journal of Basic Sciences Applied Research 4:240-247.). This is typically due to the differences between the poultry species; the probiotic feed additives are specifically designed and formulated for each species by the manufacturers.

Improved growth rate and FCR in our study seemed to be due to high inclusion levels of NYFA and YFA products. The levels of 5.0 and 10.0 g kg⁻¹ were relatively high as compared with the rates tested in previous studies, ranging from 0.45 to 3.0 g kg⁻¹ of the diet (Yasar and Desen, 2014Yasar, S. and Desen, D. E. 2014. Efficacy of a feed probiotic bacteria (Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415), spore (Bacillus subtilis ATCC PTA-6737) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in Japanese quails. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnology 71:63-70.; Fasina and Thanissery, 2011Fasina, Y. O. and Thanissery, R. R. 2011. Comparative efficacy of a yeast product and bacitracin methylene disalicylate in enhancing early growth and intestinal maturation in broiler chicks from breeder hens of different ages. Poultry Science 90:1067-1073.; Sarica, et al., 2009Sarica, S.; Corduk, M.; Yarim, G. F.; Yenisehirli, G. and Karatas, U. 2009. Effects of novel feed additives in wheat based diets on performance, carcass and intestinal tract characteristics of quail. South African Journal of Animal Science 39:144-157.; Zhang et al., 2005Zhang, A. W.; Lee, B. D.; Lee, S. K.; Lee, K. W.; An, G. H.; Song, K. B. and Lee, C. H. 2005. Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell components on growth performance, meat quality and ileal mucosa development of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 84:1015-1021.). On the other hand, improved growth performance was much more associated with the active yeast counts of diets to which the probiotics were added. A kilogram of diet containing yeast probiotic at 2.3×10⁵ cfu (Chen et al., 2009Chen, K. L.; Kho, W. L.; You, S. H.; Yeh, R. H.; Tang, S. W. and Hsieh, W. 2009. Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. natto and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed fermented feed on the enhanced growth performance of broilers. Poultry Science 88:309-315.), 1.3×10⁷ cfu (Zhang et al., 2005Zhang, A. W.; Lee, B. D.; Lee, S. K.; Lee, K. W.; An, G. H.; Song, K. B. and Lee, C. H. 2005. Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell components on growth performance, meat quality and ileal mucosa development of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 84:1015-1021.), and 4.3×10⁷ cfu (Shim et al., 2012Shim, Y. H.; Ingale, S. L.; Kim J. S.; Kim, K. H.; Seo, D. K.; Lee, S. C.; Chae, B. J. and Kwon, I. K. 2012. A multi-microbe probiotic formulation processed at low and high drying temperatures: effects on growth performance, nutrient retention and caecal microbiology of broilers. British Poultry Science 53:482-490.) were found very effective to induce significant improvements in broiler performance. All the above indicated that the higher yeast counts (up to 10⁹ cfu kg⁻¹), the higher performance improvement in broilers (Shim et al., 2012Shim, Y. H.; Ingale, S. L.; Kim J. S.; Kim, K. H.; Seo, D. K.; Lee, S. C.; Chae, B. J. and Kwon, I. K. 2012. A multi-microbe probiotic formulation processed at low and high drying temperatures: effects on growth performance, nutrient retention and caecal microbiology of broilers. British Poultry Science 53:482-490.; Kim et al., 2012Kim, J. S.; Ingale, S. L. and Kim, Y. W. 2012. Effect of supplementation of multi-microbe probiotic product on growth performance, apparent digestibility, cecalmicrobiota and small intestinal morphology of broilers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (Berl) 96:618-626.). Yeast fermented additives were produced by the use of yeast inoculant at 9×10⁹ cfu kg⁻¹ at the start of SSF, while the final dried product of YFA at the end of 24-h fermentation has only an active yeast count of 9×10⁵ cfu kg⁻¹. In contrary, the final product of NYFA, to which no yeast inoculant was initially added, reached to a high active yeast number of 3×10⁷ cfu kg⁻¹ at the end of fermentation. This is normally explained by the fact that the level of yeast inoculation in YFA was already too high and the microbial phase was quickly entered to the dead phase by the end of 24 h, thereby reducing the number of viable cells. Having considered the levels of active yeast counts in the diets, the differences between the diets were well reflected on the bird performance in this study. There were significant improvements both in the growth rate and FCR of the birds fed the diet supplemented with NYFA at 5 and 10 g kg⁻¹, whereas there was only a significant improvement in the FCR of the birds fed the diet supplemented with 10 g kg⁻¹ of YFA. Furthermore, the fermentation process in this study was done with the help of value-adding co-products, i.e., whey, pomaces of tomato and citrus, and rosemary, which could have added new functionalities to the final products. The fermented feed materials produced from this SSF process were found with high efficacies in broilers due to organic acids, flavoring agents, endogenous enzymes, probiotics, and antioxidants from these co-products (Yasar et al., 2016Yasar, S.; Gok, M. S. and Gurbuz, Y. 2016. Performance of broilers fed raw or fermented and re-dried wheat, barley and oats grains. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 40:313-323.; Yasar and Gok 2014Yasar, S. and Gok, M. S. 2014. Fattening performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed on diets with high levels of dry fermented wheat, barley and oats grains in whey with citrus pomace. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnology 71:51-62.; Chen et al., 2013Chen, W.; Zhu, Z. X.; Wang, J. P.; Wang, Z. X. and Huang, Y. Q. 2013. Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. Natto and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented liquid feed on growth performance, relative organ weight, intestinal microflora, and organ antioxidant status in Landes geese. Journal of Animal Science 91:978-985.; Dhillon et al., 2012Dhillon, G. S.; Kaur, S.; Kaur Brar, S. and Verma, M. 2012. Potential of apple pomace as a solid substrate for fungal cellulase and hemicellulase bioproduction through solid-state fermentation. Industrial Crops and Products 38:6-13., Canibe et al., 2006Canibe, N.; Virtanen, E. and Jensen, B. B. 2006. Microbial and nutritional characteristics of pig liquid feed during fermentation. Animal Feed Science & Technology 134:108-123.; Canibe and Jensen, 2003Canibe, N. and Jensen, B. B. 2003. Fermented and non-fermented liquid feed to growing pigs: Effect on aspects of gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance. Journal of Animal Science 81:2019-2031.).

Birds fed diets containing yeast probiotics had increased carcass yield and increased weights of digestive organs (gizzard, heart, and liver), despite the reduced abdominal fat (Zhang et al., 2005Zhang, A. W.; Lee, B. D.; Lee, S. K.; Lee, K. W.; An, G. H.; Song, K. B. and Lee, C. H. 2005. Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell components on growth performance, meat quality and ileal mucosa development of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 84:1015-1021.; Panda et al., 2000Panda, A. K.; Reddy, M. R.; Rama Rao, S. V.; Raju, M. L. N. and Paraharaj, N. K. 2000. Growth, carcass characteristics, immune componence and response to Escherichia coli of broiler fed diets with various level of probiotic. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde 64:152-156.; Paryad and Mahmoudi, 2008Paryad, A. and Mahmoudi, M. 2008. Effect of different levels of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance, blood constituents and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. African Journal of Agricultural Research 3:835-842.; Onifade et al., 1998Onifade, A. A.; Babatunde, G. M.; Afonja, S. A.; Ademola, S. G. and Adesina, E. A. 1998. The effect of a yeast culture addition to a low-protein diet on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens (Abstract). Poultry Science 77(Suppl. 1):44.). Contrary to these studies, there were increases in carcass weights of the birds fed the yeast-supplemented diets in our study, except that the diet supplemented with NYFA at 10 g kg⁻¹ reduced carcass weight. Nevertheless, the dietary yeast supplementation generally improves carcass yield in broiler chickens, which was well correlated with reduced weights of digestive organs. In our study, the reduced carcass yield by the diet supplemented with NYFA at 10 g kg⁻¹ was due to increased weight of TDT. Furthermore, in our study, there were sporadic changes in heart and liver weights affected by the dietary treatments. Similar changes in digestive organ weights were previously reported with the diet fermented with yeast inoculant at 10⁶ cfu kg⁻¹ (Chen et al., 2013Chen, W.; Zhu, Z. X.; Wang, J. P.; Wang, Z. X. and Huang, Y. Q. 2013. Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. Natto and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented liquid feed on growth performance, relative organ weight, intestinal microflora, and organ antioxidant status in Landes geese. Journal of Animal Science 91:978-985., Hossain et al., 2012Hossain, M. E.; Ko, S. Y.; Kim, G. M.; Firman, J. D. and Yang, C. J. 2012. Evaluation of probiotic strains for development of fermented Alisma canaliculatum and their effects on broiler chickens. Poultry Science 91:3121-3131. Chen et al., 2009Chen, K. L.; Kho, W. L.; You, S. H.; Yeh, R. H.; Tang, S. W. and Hsieh, W. 2009. Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. natto and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed fermented feed on the enhanced growth performance of broilers. Poultry Science 88:309-315.). In our study, the changes in digestive organ weights were similarly reflected on the changes in the lengths of entire digestive tract, foregut, and small intestine (Table 5).

The diets with yeast probiotic products had a positive effect on the development of intestinal epithelial region (Adebiyi, et al., 2012Adebiyi, O. A.; Makanjuola, B. A.; Bankole, T. O. and Adeyori, A. S. 2012. Yeast culture (Saccharomy cescerevisiae) supplementation: effect on the performance and gut morphology of broiler birds. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Biological Sciences 12:25-29.; Gao et al., 2008Gao, J.; Zhang, H. J.; Yu, S. H.; Wu, S. G.; Yoon, I.; Quigley, J.; Gao, Y. P. and Qi, G. H. 2008. Effects of yeast culture in broiler diets on performance and immunomodulatory functions. Poultry Science 87:1377-1384.) and improved immune system (Solis de los Santos et al., 2007Solis de los Santos, F.; Donoghue, A. M.; Farnell, M. B.; Huff, G. R.; Huff, W. E. and Donoghue, D. J. 2007. Gastrointestinal maturation is accelerated in turkey poults supplemented with a mannanoligosaccharide yeast extract (Alphamune). Poultry Science 86:921-930.). These effects were also reported in young growing chicks (Fasina and Thanissery, 2011Fasina, Y. O. and Thanissery, R. R. 2011. Comparative efficacy of a yeast product and bacitracin methylene disalicylate in enhancing early growth and intestinal maturation in broiler chicks from breeder hens of different ages. Poultry Science 90:1067-1073.). Therefore, it can be concluded that improved growth rate and FCR with the diet supplemented with NYFA at 5.0 g kg⁻¹ may have been modulated by early maturations of intestinal segments and remained intact. Furthermore, the weight of digestive organs remained relatively low in the birds fed the diets supplemented at the above doses due to an increased growth rate and FCR.

Conclusions

Supplementing the diets with 5.0 and 10 g kg⁻¹ of yeast fermented additives or 5.0 g kg⁻¹ of non-yeast fermented additives is highly recommended for enhancing growth rate due to its high level of active yeast cells, while a 10 g kg⁻¹ dietary supplementation of non-yeast fermented additives cannot be used due to decreased carcass weights.

Acknowledgments

We thank the Suleyman Demirel Universitesi Rektörlüğü, Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi for financially supporting this study (Project no. 4048-YL2-14).

References

Adebiyi, O. A.; Makanjuola, B. A.; Bankole, T. O. and Adeyori, A. S. 2012. Yeast culture (Saccharomy cescerevisiae) supplementation: effect on the performance and gut morphology of broiler birds. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Biological Sciences 12:25-29.
Ayaşan, T. 2016. Efficacy of probiotic supplementation on growth performance and carcass traits in Japanese quails. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 86:795-798.
Canibe, N. and Jensen, B. B. 2003. Fermented and non-fermented liquid feed to growing pigs: Effect on aspects of gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance. Journal of Animal Science 81:2019-2031.
Canibe, N.; Virtanen, E. and Jensen, B. B. 2006. Microbial and nutritional characteristics of pig liquid feed during fermentation. Animal Feed Science & Technology 134:108-123.
Chen, K. L.; Kho, W. L.; You, S. H.; Yeh, R. H.; Tang, S. W. and Hsieh, W. 2009. Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. natto and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed fermented feed on the enhanced growth performance of broilers. Poultry Science 88:309-315.
Chen, W.; Zhu, Z. X.; Wang, J. P.; Wang, Z. X. and Huang, Y. Q. 2013. Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. Natto and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented liquid feed on growth performance, relative organ weight, intestinal microflora, and organ antioxidant status in Landes geese. Journal of Animal Science 91:978-985.
Chen, C. H.; Chen, S. W. and Wand, H. T. 2016. Effect of supplementation of yeast with bacteriocin and Lactobacillus culture on growth performance, cecal fermentation, microbiota composition, and blood characteristics in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 30:211-220.
Dębski, B.; Zalewski, W.; Gralak, M. A. and Kosla, K. 2004. Chromium-yeast supplementation of chicken broilers in an industrial farming system. Journal of Trace Elements in Medical & Biolology 18: 47-51.
Dhama, K.; Latheef, S. K.; Mani, S.; Abdul Samad, H.; Karthik, K.; Tiwari, R.; Ullah Khan, R.; Alagawany, M.; Farag, M. R.; Alam, G. M.; Laudadio, V. and Tufarelli, V. 2015. Multiple beneficial applications and modes of action of herbs in poultry health and production-A review. International Journal of Pharmacology 11:152-176.
Dhillon, G. S.; Kaur, S.; Kaur Brar, S. and Verma, M. 2012. Potential of apple pomace as a solid substrate for fungal cellulase and hemicellulase bioproduction through solid-state fermentation. Industrial Crops and Products 38:6-13.
Fallah, R. 2016. Productive performance, carcass trait and blood parameters of broiler chickens fed different levels of dried whey and protexin probiotic. International Journal of Basic Sciences Applied Research 4:240-247.
Fasina, Y. O. and Thanissery, R. R. 2011. Comparative efficacy of a yeast product and bacitracin methylene disalicylate in enhancing early growth and intestinal maturation in broiler chicks from breeder hens of different ages. Poultry Science 90:1067-1073.
Gao, J.; Zhang, H. J.; Yu, S. H.; Wu, S. G.; Yoon, I.; Quigley, J.; Gao, Y. P. and Qi, G. H. 2008. Effects of yeast culture in broiler diets on performance and immunomodulatory functions. Poultry Science 87:1377-1384.
Haldar, S.; Ghosh, T. K.; Toshiwati and Bedford, M. R. 2011. Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and yeast protein concentrate on production performance of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress and challenged with Salmonella enteritidis Animal Feed Science & Technology 168:61-71.
Hossain, M. E.; Ko, S. Y.; Kim, G. M.; Firman, J. D. and Yang, C. J. 2012. Evaluation of probiotic strains for development of fermented Alisma canaliculatum and their effects on broiler chickens. Poultry Science 91:3121-3131.
ISO - International Organization for Standardization. 2009. Animal feeding stuffs – Isolation and enumeration of yeast probiotic strains. EN 15789:2009.
Kim, J. S.; Ingale, S. L. and Kim, Y. W. 2012. Effect of supplementation of multi-microbe probiotic product on growth performance, apparent digestibility, cecalmicrobiota and small intestinal morphology of broilers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (Berl) 96:618-626.
Nigam, P. S. N and Pandey, A. 2009. Solid-state fermentation technology for bioconversion of biomass and agricultural residues utilization. p.197-223. In: Biotechnology for agro-industrial residues. Singh nee’ Nigam, P. and Pandey, A., eds. C Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Dordrecht, Netherlands.
Olnood, C.; Beski, S.; Choct, M. and Iji, P. 2015. Novel probiotics: Their effects on growth performance, gut development, microbial community and activity of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition 3:194-191.
Onifade, A. A.; Babatunde, G. M.; Afonja, S. A.; Ademola, S. G. and Adesina, E. A. 1998. The effect of a yeast culture addition to a low-protein diet on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens (Abstract). Poultry Science 77(Suppl. 1):44.
Onifade A. A.; Odunsi A. A. and Babatunde G. M. 1999. Comparison of the supplemental effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antibiotics in low-protein and high-fiber diets fed to broiler chickens. Archiv Fur Tierernahrung 52:29-39.
Panda, A. K.; Reddy, M. R.; Rama Rao, S. V.; Raju, M. L. N. and Paraharaj, N. K. 2000. Growth, carcass characteristics, immune componence and response to Escherichia coli of broiler fed diets with various level of probiotic. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde 64:152-156.
Paryad, A. and Mahmoudi, M. 2008. Effect of different levels of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance, blood constituents and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. African Journal of Agricultural Research 3:835-842.
Reisinger, N.; Ganner, A.; Masching, S.; Schatzmayr, G. and Applegate, T. J. 2012. Efficacy of a yeast derivative on broiler performance, intestinal morphology and blood profile. Livestock Science 143:195-200.
Sarica, S.; Corduk, M.; Yarim, G. F.; Yenisehirli, G. and Karatas, U. 2009. Effects of novel feed additives in wheat based diets on performance, carcass and intestinal tract characteristics of quail. South African Journal of Animal Science 39:144-157.
Shim, Y. H.; Ingale, S. L.; Kim J. S.; Kim, K. H.; Seo, D. K.; Lee, S. C.; Chae, B. J. and Kwon, I. K. 2012. A multi-microbe probiotic formulation processed at low and high drying temperatures: effects on growth performance, nutrient retention and caecal microbiology of broilers. British Poultry Science 53:482-490.
Solis de los Santos, F.; Donoghue, A. M.; Farnell, M. B.; Huff, G. R.; Huff, W. E. and Donoghue, D. J. 2007. Gastrointestinal maturation is accelerated in turkey poults supplemented with a mannanoligosaccharide yeast extract (Alphamune). Poultry Science 86:921-930.
Wang, Y. and Xu, B. 2008. Effect of different selenium source (sodium selenite and selenium yeast) on broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science & Technology 144:306-314.
Yasar, S. and Desen, D. E. 2014. Efficacy of a feed probiotic bacteria (Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415), spore (Bacillus subtilis ATCC PTA-6737) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in Japanese quails. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnology 71:63-70.
Yasar, S.; Gok, M. S. and Gurbuz, Y. 2016. Performance of broilers fed raw or fermented and re-dried wheat, barley and oats grains. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 40:313-323.
Yasar, S. and Gok, M. S. 2014. Fattening performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed on diets with high levels of dry fermented wheat, barley and oats grains in whey with citrus pomace. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnology 71:51-62.
Zhang, A. W.; Lee, B. D.; Lee, S. K.; Lee, K. W.; An, G. H.; Song, K. B. and Lee, C. H. 2005. Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell components on growth performance, meat quality and ileal mucosa development of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 84:1015-1021.

Publication Dates

Publication in this collection
Oct 2017

History

Received
20 Feb 2017
Accepted
30 Mar 2017

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

[1] Adebiyi, O. A.; Makanjuola, B. A.; Bankole, T. O. and Adeyori, A. S. 2012. Yeast culture (Saccharomy cescerevisiae) supplementation: effect on the performance and gut morphology of broiler birds. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Biological Sciences 12:25-29.

[2] Ayaşan, T. 2016. Efficacy of probiotic supplementation on growth performance and carcass traits in Japanese quails. Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 86:795-798.

[3] Canibe, N. and Jensen, B. B. 2003. Fermented and non-fermented liquid feed to growing pigs: Effect on aspects of gastrointestinal ecology and growth performance. Journal of Animal Science 81:2019-2031.

[4] Canibe, N.; Virtanen, E. and Jensen, B. B. 2006. Microbial and nutritional characteristics of pig liquid feed during fermentation. Animal Feed Science & Technology 134:108-123.

[5] Chen, K. L.; Kho, W. L.; You, S. H.; Yeh, R. H.; Tang, S. W. and Hsieh, W. 2009. Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. natto and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mixed fermented feed on the enhanced growth performance of broilers. Poultry Science 88:309-315.

[6] Chen, W.; Zhu, Z. X.; Wang, J. P.; Wang, Z. X. and Huang, Y. Q. 2013. Effects of Bacillus subtilis var. Natto and Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermented liquid feed on growth performance, relative organ weight, intestinal microflora, and organ antioxidant status in Landes geese. Journal of Animal Science 91:978-985.

[7] Chen, C. H.; Chen, S. W. and Wand, H. T. 2016. Effect of supplementation of yeast with bacteriocin and Lactobacillus culture on growth performance, cecal fermentation, microbiota composition, and blood characteristics in broiler chickens. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 30:211-220.

[8] Dębski, B.; Zalewski, W.; Gralak, M. A. and Kosla, K. 2004. Chromium-yeast supplementation of chicken broilers in an industrial farming system. Journal of Trace Elements in Medical & Biolology 18: 47-51.

[9] Dhama, K.; Latheef, S. K.; Mani, S.; Abdul Samad, H.; Karthik, K.; Tiwari, R.; Ullah Khan, R.; Alagawany, M.; Farag, M. R.; Alam, G. M.; Laudadio, V. and Tufarelli, V. 2015. Multiple beneficial applications and modes of action of herbs in poultry health and production-A review. International Journal of Pharmacology 11:152-176.

[10] Dhillon, G. S.; Kaur, S.; Kaur Brar, S. and Verma, M. 2012. Potential of apple pomace as a solid substrate for fungal cellulase and hemicellulase bioproduction through solid-state fermentation. Industrial Crops and Products 38:6-13.

[11] Fallah, R. 2016. Productive performance, carcass trait and blood parameters of broiler chickens fed different levels of dried whey and protexin probiotic. International Journal of Basic Sciences Applied Research 4:240-247.

[12] Fasina, Y. O. and Thanissery, R. R. 2011. Comparative efficacy of a yeast product and bacitracin methylene disalicylate in enhancing early growth and intestinal maturation in broiler chicks from breeder hens of different ages. Poultry Science 90:1067-1073.

[13] Gao, J.; Zhang, H. J.; Yu, S. H.; Wu, S. G.; Yoon, I.; Quigley, J.; Gao, Y. P. and Qi, G. H. 2008. Effects of yeast culture in broiler diets on performance and immunomodulatory functions. Poultry Science 87:1377-1384.

[14] Haldar, S.; Ghosh, T. K.; Toshiwati and Bedford, M. R. 2011. Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and yeast protein concentrate on production performance of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress and challenged with Salmonella enteritidis Animal Feed Science & Technology 168:61-71.

[15] Hossain, M. E.; Ko, S. Y.; Kim, G. M.; Firman, J. D. and Yang, C. J. 2012. Evaluation of probiotic strains for development of fermented Alisma canaliculatum and their effects on broiler chickens. Poultry Science 91:3121-3131.

[16] ISO - International Organization for Standardization. 2009. Animal feeding stuffs – Isolation and enumeration of yeast probiotic strains. EN 15789:2009.

[17] Kim, J. S.; Ingale, S. L. and Kim, Y. W. 2012. Effect of supplementation of multi-microbe probiotic product on growth performance, apparent digestibility, cecalmicrobiota and small intestinal morphology of broilers. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition (Berl) 96:618-626.

[18] Nigam, P. S. N and Pandey, A. 2009. Solid-state fermentation technology for bioconversion of biomass and agricultural residues utilization. p.197-223. In: Biotechnology for agro-industrial residues. Singh nee’ Nigam, P. and Pandey, A., eds. C Springer Science+Business Media B.V., Dordrecht, Netherlands.

[19] Olnood, C.; Beski, S.; Choct, M. and Iji, P. 2015. Novel probiotics: Their effects on growth performance, gut development, microbial community and activity of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition 3:194-191.

[20] Onifade, A. A.; Babatunde, G. M.; Afonja, S. A.; Ademola, S. G. and Adesina, E. A. 1998. The effect of a yeast culture addition to a low-protein diet on the performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens (Abstract). Poultry Science 77(Suppl. 1):44.

[21] Onifade A. A.; Odunsi A. A. and Babatunde G. M. 1999. Comparison of the supplemental effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and antibiotics in low-protein and high-fiber diets fed to broiler chickens. Archiv Fur Tierernahrung 52:29-39.

[22] Panda, A. K.; Reddy, M. R.; Rama Rao, S. V.; Raju, M. L. N. and Paraharaj, N. K. 2000. Growth, carcass characteristics, immune componence and response to Escherichia coli of broiler fed diets with various level of probiotic. Archiv Fur Geflugelkunde 64:152-156.

[23] Paryad, A. and Mahmoudi, M. 2008. Effect of different levels of supplemental yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on performance, blood constituents and carcass characteristics of broiler chicks. African Journal of Agricultural Research 3:835-842.

[24] Reisinger, N.; Ganner, A.; Masching, S.; Schatzmayr, G. and Applegate, T. J. 2012. Efficacy of a yeast derivative on broiler performance, intestinal morphology and blood profile. Livestock Science 143:195-200.

[25] Sarica, S.; Corduk, M.; Yarim, G. F.; Yenisehirli, G. and Karatas, U. 2009. Effects of novel feed additives in wheat based diets on performance, carcass and intestinal tract characteristics of quail. South African Journal of Animal Science 39:144-157.

[26] Shim, Y. H.; Ingale, S. L.; Kim J. S.; Kim, K. H.; Seo, D. K.; Lee, S. C.; Chae, B. J. and Kwon, I. K. 2012. A multi-microbe probiotic formulation processed at low and high drying temperatures: effects on growth performance, nutrient retention and caecal microbiology of broilers. British Poultry Science 53:482-490.

[27] Solis de los Santos, F.; Donoghue, A. M.; Farnell, M. B.; Huff, G. R.; Huff, W. E. and Donoghue, D. J. 2007. Gastrointestinal maturation is accelerated in turkey poults supplemented with a mannanoligosaccharide yeast extract (Alphamune). Poultry Science 86:921-930.

[28] Wang, Y. and Xu, B. 2008. Effect of different selenium source (sodium selenite and selenium yeast) on broiler chickens. Animal Feed Science & Technology 144:306-314.

[29] Yasar, S. and Desen, D. E. 2014. Efficacy of a feed probiotic bacteria (Enterococcus faecium NCIMB 10415), spore (Bacillus subtilis ATCC PTA-6737) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in Japanese quails. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnology 71:63-70.

[30] Yasar, S.; Gok, M. S. and Gurbuz, Y. 2016. Performance of broilers fed raw or fermented and re-dried wheat, barley and oats grains. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 40:313-323.

[31] Yasar, S. and Gok, M. S. 2014. Fattening performance of Japanese quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica) fed on diets with high levels of dry fermented wheat, barley and oats grains in whey with citrus pomace. Bulletin UASVM Animal Science and Biotechnology 71:51-62.

[32] Zhang, A. W.; Lee, B. D.; Lee, S. K.; Lee, K. W.; An, G. H.; Song, K. B. and Lee, C. H. 2005. Effects of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) cell components on growth performance, meat quality and ileal mucosa development of broiler chicks. Poultry Science 84:1015-1021.

Percentage of feed material (g kg⁻¹ as fed)	Starter period (from 0 to 21 day of age)	Grower and finisher periods (from 21 to 42 days of age)
Yellow corn	300.0	400.0
Soybean meal	250.0	213.0
Wheat	283.0	250.0
Vegetable oil	45.0	60.0
Fish meal	90.0	50.0
Calcium carbonate	10.0	9.0
Dicalcium phosphate	13.0	10.0
Salt	3.0	3.0
Vitamin-mineral mixture¹ 1 A kg of premix provided: vitamin A, 5,000,000 IU; vitamin D3, 750,000 IU; vitamin E, 25,000 ppm; vitamin K3, 2,000 ppm; vitamin B1, 2,500 ppm; vitamin B2, 5,000 ppm; vitamin B6, 2,500 ppm; niacin, 30,000 ppm; calcium D-pantotenate, 10,000 ppm; folic acid, 1,000 ppm; biotin, 100 ppm; Mn, 37,500 ppm; Fe, 50,000 ppm; Zn, 40,000 ppm; Cu, 7,500 ppm; I, 250 ppm; Co, 100 ppm; Se, 100 ppm.	4.0	4.0
DL-methionine	2.0	1.0
Analyzed nutrient (g kg⁻¹)
Dry matter	889.0	900.0
Protein	230.0	200.0
Fat	67.0	59.0
Total fiber	33.0	50.0
Metabolizable energy (kcal k⁻¹) (calculated)	3,122	3,250
Ca (calculated)	10.0	9.0
Available P (calculated)	5.0	4.2

	Treatment (g kg⁻¹)					SEM	P-value
	NC	NYFA		YFA
	NC	5.0	10.0	5.0	10.0
n	63	63	63	63	63	-	-
Body weight (g/bird)
Day 0	54.7	54.8	55.0	54.2	54.5	0.5	0.172
Day 21	907^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	968^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	964^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	895^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	918^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	19	0.0001
Day 42	2276^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2406^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2502^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2286^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2374^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	72	0.0001
Weight gain (g/bird)
Day 21	852^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	914^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	909^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	840^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	863^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	19	0.0001
Day 42	2221^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2351^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2447^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2232^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2320^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	72	0.0001
Feed intake (g/bird)
Day 21	1561	1569	1557	1532	1519	33	0.361
Day 42	4890	4934	5088	4842	4906	104	0.117
Feed conversion ratio
Day 21	1.83^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	1.72^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	1.72^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	1.82^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	1.76^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	0.04	0.015
Day 42	2.20^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2.10^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2.08^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2.17^ac a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2.11^bc a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	0.03	0.003
Dead
0-42 days	1	3	3	0	1	-	-

	Treatment (g kg⁻¹)					SEM	P-value
	NC	NYFA		YFA
	NC	5.0	10.0	5.0	10.0
Carcass yield
Day 21	59.2	60.1	59.3	59.2	60.4	1.2	0.112
Day 42	73.8^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	74.4^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	71.8^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	73.4^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	75.0^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	0.8	0.001
TDT weight
Day 21	112.9	116.3	110.6	111.0	108.0	4.7	0.12
Day 42	236.5^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	220.6^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	258.8^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	247.0^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	226.4^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	14.1	0.001
Heart weight
Day 21	6.8^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	5.9^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	5.7^bc a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	5.1^c a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	5.6^bc a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	0.3	0.001
Day 42	16.8^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	14.5^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	17.5^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	17.5^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	14.8^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	1.0	0.001
Liver weight
Day 21	27.9	28.0	28.6	25.8	26.4	1.4	0.65
Day 42	57.7^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	48.0^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	63.4^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	57.0^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	57.9^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2.4	0.001

	Treatment (g kg⁻¹)
	NC	NYFA		YFA		SEM	P-value
	NC	5.0	10.0	5.0	10.0	SEM	P-value
TDT
Day 21	157.5	154.8	160.9	153.4	155.8	4.9	0.85
Day 42	209.5^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	179.5^c a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	221.6^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	212.6^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	195.9^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	6.9	0.001
Foregut
Day 21	14.8	14.6	14.2	14.5	15.5	0.7	0.78
Day 42	23.0^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	20.0^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	23.2^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	21.7^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	20.9^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	0.9	0.001
Small intestine
Day 21	126.4	123.7	130.5	123.7	124.8	5.8	0.99
Day 42	166.8^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	142.6^c a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	176.7^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	171.0^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	155.9^bc a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	7.6	0.001
Caeca
Day 21	13.2^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	12.7^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	12.9^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	12.7^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	14.1^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	0.4	0.001
Day 42	17.5^ac a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	13.5^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	19.83^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	18.8^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	16.9^c a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	0.8	0.001
Colon
Day 21	6.3^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	6.5^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	6.1^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	5.4^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	5.6^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	0.3	0.001
Day 42	8.4^ab a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	7.3^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	10.0^c a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	10.5^c a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	8.9^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	0.5	0.001

	Treatment (g kg⁻¹)					SEM	P-value
	NC	NYFA		YFA
	NC	5.0	10.0	5.0	10.0
Viscosity
Day 21	2.4^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2.6^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2.5^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2.5^a a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	2.9^b a-c Different letters indicate significant (P<0.05) difference between the means of treatment groups.	0.1	0.015
Day 42	2.2	2.3	2.1	2.2	2.6	0.3	0.65
pH
Day 21	6.8	6.7	6.6	6.7	6.6	0.1	0.47
Day 42	6.1	6.1	6.1	6.1	6.3	0.1	0.83

Brasil

Brasil

Yeast fermented additive enhances broiler growth

ABSTRACT

Introduction

Material and Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Publication Dates

History