28Aug 2018

IMMUNOSTIMULATORY EFFECTS OF SOME FEED SUPPLEMENTS ON LAYING CHICKEN IMMUNIZED WITH LASOTA VACCINE FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE.

  • Department of Zoology, Sivanthi Aditanar College, Pillayarpuram, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India-629501.
Crossref Cited-by Linking logo
  • Abstract
  • References
  • Cite This Article as
  • Corresponding Author

This study attempts to demonstrate the use of dietary supplements to enhance the HI titre value, WBC count and lymphocytes of laying hens immunized with LaSota vaccine for Newcastle disease. Different dosages of Lactobacillus acidophyllus, Andrographis paniculata and Sargassum wightii were given to separate groups of similar aged laying hens once in a week and the birds were vaccinated with Lasota vaccine in the ocular route one week before the beginning of the experiment. HI titre, ELISA titre, RBC, WBC, haemoglobin, heterophils, basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocytes were estimated from the blood samples and IgY in eggs. These dietary supplements had increased the HI titre, ELISA titre, WBC, lymphocytes and monocytes that give immediate protection against NCD and also increased the bird?s health by increasing the RBC and haemoglobin and reducing the level of eosinophils. This study recommends the use of 105 cells of Lactobacilli or 2 grams of Andrographis powder or 2 grams of Sargassum powder (per kg feed) once in a week for chicken to improve their overall health and immunity of fowls vaccinated with LaSota vaccine for giving complete protection against Newcastle disease.


  1. Alders, R and P. Spradbrow. 2001. Controlling of Newcastle disease in village chickens. A Field Manual. Australian Center of International Agricultural Research (ACIAR), 2001.
  2. Alexander, D.J.1997. Newcastle Disease and Other Paramyxoviridae Infections.In: Diseases Of Poultry, 10th Ed., BW. Calnek, HJ. Barnes, CW. Beard, LR. Mcdougald, and YM. Saif (eds). Iowa State University Press, AMES, USA. 541- 569.
  3. Al-Garib, S.2003. Newcastle disease virus: immune reactivity and pathogenesis, PhD thesis, Utrecht University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, The Netherlands.
  4. Allan, W.H., and R.E. Gough.1974. A Standard Haemagglutination Inhibition Test for Newcastle Disease. A Comparison of Macro and Micro Methods. Record, 95: 120?123.
  5. Ananth, R., J.J. Kirubaharam, M.L.M. Priyadarshini and A. Albert. 2008. Isolation of NDVes of high virulence in unvaccinated healthy village chickens in south India. Intl J Poult Sci. , 2008,7(4),368-373.
  6. Asplin, F.D. 1949. Observations on the viability of Newcastle disease. Veterinary Record 61(13):159?160.
  7. Athis Kumar, K. 2017. Growth, Reproduction and Immunomodulation of Lahore Pigeons in Response to Dietary Supplementation of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Andrographis paniculata and Sargassum wightii, PhD Thesis Submitted to Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, pp. 290p.
  8. Bagby, G.C. and M.C. Heinrich. 2000. Growth Factors, Cytokines, and the Control of Hematopoiesis. In: Hoffman: Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice, 3rd ed., 2000 Churchill Livingstone, Inc.
  9. Ballouh, A., E. M. Abu-Elzein and A. K. Elmubarak, 1985. Outbreak of the pigeon paramyxovirus serotype -1 in the Sudan. Vet. Rec., 116: 375.
  10. Bloom, W. 1938. Lymphocytes and monocytes. Theories of hematopoiesis. In Downey's Handbook of Hematology. 334-35. P. B. Hoeber, Inc. New York.
  11. Burnet, M. 1971. Cellular Immunology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  12. Campo, J.L., M.G. Gil, S.G. Davila, and I. Munoz, 2005. Influence of perches and footpad dermatitis on tonic immobility and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio of chickens. Sci. 84, 1004?1009.
  13. Chandraseker, S., R.A. Vankatesan, V.D. Padmanaban, and P.R. Masslliamony. 1989. Nature of Protective Immunity Response in Chicken against Ranikhet Disease. Indian Vet.Jour.,66: 801-806.
  14. Chaudhry, K. M. and R.A. Chaudhry. 1999. Causes of vaccine failure. Vet Int. 1996;12: 13-15.
  15. Choi, K. D., H. S. Lillehoj, and D. S. Zalenga. 1999. Changes in local IFN-γ and TGF-β4 mRNA expression and intraepithelial lymphocytes following Eimeria acervulina Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol. 71:263?275.
  16. Chu, H.P. and J. Rizk.1972. Newcastle Disease, a World Poultry Problem. World Animal Review,2: 33-43.
  17. De Roos, N. M. and M.B. Katan. 2000. Effects of probiotic bacteria on diarrhea lipid metabolism and carcinogenesis: A review of papers published between 1988 and 1998. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000 71:405-411.
  18. Dugas, B., A. Mercenier, I. Lenoir-Wijnkoop, C. Arnaud, N. Dugas and E. Postaire. 1999. Immunity and probiotics. Immunol Today. 1999;20:387- 390.
  19. Duncan, D. B. 1955.Multiple range and multiple F-test. Biometrics 11: 1-42.
  20. El-Lethey, H., B. Huber-Eicher and T.W. Jungi. 2003. Exploration of stressinduced immunosuppression in chickens reveals both stress- resistant and stress-susceptible antigen responses. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2003;95:91-101.
  21. Ezeokoli, C.D., J.U. Umoh, A.A. Adesuyin and P. Abdu.1994. Prevalence of Newcastle disease virus antibodies in local and exotic chicken under different management systems in Nigeria. Bulletin of Animal Health and Production in Africa,32: 253?257.
  22. Fan H., D.L. Williams, B. Zingarelli, K.F. Breuel, G. Teti, G.E. Tempel, K. Spicher, G. Boulay, L. Birnbaumer, P.V. Halushka and J.A. Cook. 2006. Differential regulation of lipopolysaccharide and Gram-positive bacteria induced cytokine and chemokine production in splenocytes by Galphai proteins. Biophys. Acta. 1763: 1051-1058.
  23. Gordon, R. F and F,T.W. Jordan FTW. 1982. Paramyxoviridae. Poultry diseases. 2nd London.,1982, 97-113.
  24. Haghighi, H. R., J. Gong, C.L. Gyles, M.A. Hayes, B. Sanei, P. Parvizi, H. Gisavi, J. Chambers and S.H. Sharif. 2005. Modulation of antibody-mediated immune response by probiotics in chickens. Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol. 12:1387-1392. by the gut microflora and probiotics. Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht, the Netherlands. 2005; PP: 176-192.
  25. Hanson, L.W. 1975. Newcastle disease, In: Isolation and Identification of avian pathogens, Hitchner S.B., Ed., New York,Amold Printing Corporation, pp. 160-173.
  26. Herenda, D.C. and D.A. Franco. 1996. Newcastle disease (ND), Viscerotropic Velogenic Newcastle disease (VVND), Neurotropic Velogenic Newcastle disease (NVND), Pneumoencephalitis, Fowl pest. Poultry diseases and Meat hygiene. Iowa state university, Ames, USA. ,1996, 241-243.
  27. Ibu, O.J., J.A.O. Okoye, E.P.Adulugba, K.F. Chan, S.V.O. Shoyinka, E. Salihu, A.A. Chukwuedo? and S.S. Baba. 2009. Prevalence of Newcastle diseases viruses in wild and captive birds in central Nigeria. Intl J Poult. Sci. ,2009, 8(6), 574-578.
  28. Jestin, V., M. Cherbonnel, R.L. Hospitalier and G. Bennejean. 1989. An ELISA blocking test using a peroxidase-labelled anti-HN monoclonal antibody for the specific titration of antibodies to avian Paramyxovirus type 1 (PMV1). Arch Virol. ,1989,105,199-209.
  29. Juul-Madsen, H. R., B. Viertlboeck, A. L. Smith and T. W.F. Gobel, 2008. Avian Innate Immune Response, In: Davison, F., B. Kasper and K.A.Schat (Eds) AvianImmunology, Academic Press, Elsivere, London.
  30. Kim, Y., T.P. Brown and M.J. Pantin-Jackwood. 2004. The effects of cyclophosphamide treatment on the pathogenesis of subgroup J avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) infection in broiler chickens with Marek?s disease virus exposure. JVet Sci. 2004;5:49-58.
  31. Kirubaharan, J. 1996. Preparation and standardisation of inactivated vaccine against Newcastle Disease. PhD, Thesis. Tamilnadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.
  32. Kirubakaran, A. 2003. Influence of different diets on egg composition and quality. MVSc, Thesis, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India.
  33. Kittler, E.L., H. McGrath and D. Temeles. 1992. Biologic significance of constitutive and subliminal growth factor production by bone marrow stroma. Blood 79:3168, 1992.
  34. Kogut, M.H., L. Rothwell, and P. Kaiser, 2005. IFN-gamma priming of chicken heterophils up regulates the expression of proinflammatory and Th1 cytokine mRNA following receptor-mediated phagocytosis of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis. Interferon Cytokine Res. 25, 73?81.
  35. Li, Y.C., D.R. Ledoux, A.J. Bermudez, K.L. Fritsche and G.E. Rottinghaus. 1999. Effects of fumonisin B1 on selected immune responses in broiler chicks. Poult Sci. 1999;78:1275-1282.
  36. Lillehoj, H.S. and K.S. Chung. 1992. Postnatal development of T-lymphocyte subpopulations in the intestinal intraepithelium and lamina propria in chickens. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, 31:347- 360.
  37. Maassen, C. B., D. Laman, W. J. Boersma and E. Claassen. 2001. Modulation of cytokine expression by lactobacilli and its possible therapeutic use. In R. Fuller and G. Perdigon (ed.), Probiotics, 2001; 3: immunomodulation.
  38. Maldonado Galdeano C and G.Perdigo. 2006. The probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus casei induces activation of the gut mucosal immune system through innate immunity. Clin. vaccine Immunol. 2006; 13: 219-226.
  39. Montali, R.J. 1988. Comparative pathology of inflammation in the higher vertebrates (reptiles, birds and mammals). Comp. Pahol. 99, 1?26.
  40. Narahari, D., A. Kirubakaran and R. Kumararaj. 2004. Influence of herbal enriched functional eggs consumption on serum lipid profile in humans. In: XXII World?s Poultry Congress, Istanbul, Turkey: p: 844.
  41. Nemcov?, R. 1997. Criteria for selection of lactobacilli for probiotic use. Vet. Med. 1997; 42: 19-27.
  42. OIE, 2000. Office International des Epizooties Manual. Manual of standards for Diagnostic tests and Vaccines. 4th edn, France.
  43. Ojiezeh, T.I., E.A. Ophori, N.O. Eghafona, G.O.N. Echiowun, T.M. Joannis and R.Y. Akele. 2013. Pilot Study on Effects of Vaccination on Immunity of Broiler Chickens. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare, 3 (13): 1-4.
  44. Oladele, S.B., M. Morou, S.j. Sambo and O. J. Ibu (2008). Comparative studies of packed cell volume, haemoglobin, total protein, haemagglutination inhibition antibodies and rectal temperature of pigeon (Colambo livia) administered Newcastle disease virus through different routs, International Journal of Poultry Science, 7(9): 898-902.
  45. Parry, S.H. and I.D. Aitken. 1973. Immunoglobulin a in the Respiratory Tract of the Chicken Following Exposure Newcastle Disease Virus. Record,93: 258-260.
  46. Paulillio, A.C., V. Franzo, E.M.S. Schmidt and L.D. Junio. 2009. Response to experimental vaccination in domestic ducks; Clinical and Immunological parameters. Intl J Poult Sci. , 2009,8(10),963-965.
  47. Philbin, V.J., M. Iqbal, Y. Boyd, M. J. Goodchild, R.K. Beal, N. Bumstead, J. Young, and A.L. Smith, 2005. Identification and characterization of a functional, alternatively spliced Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7) and genomic disruption of TLR8 in chickens. Immunology 114, 507?521.
  48. Polson, A., W.M. Von and R.M. Van, 1980. Isolation of viral IgY antibodies from yolks of Immunized hens. Immunological Communication, 9: 475-493.
  49. Puri, A., R. Saxena, R.P. Saxena, K.C. Saxena, V. Srivastava and J.S. Tandon. 1993. Immunostimulant agents from Andrographis paniculata. J Nat Prod. 56(7):995-999.
  50. Rahman, M. D. 2004. Efficiency of V4 HR Newcastle disease (V4HR-ND) vaccine in Broiler Birds in Bangladesh. Poult. Sci. ,2004, 5,365-368.
  51. Rehman, H., S. Abbas and N. lohahet. 2003. Laboratory Manual of Physiology, Vol. 1. Society of Veterinary Physiology, Lahore,
  52. Sharif, S. 2007. Probiotics Help Produce Safer, Healthier Chickens. University of Guelph Ontario Veterinary College. College News Published January 19. 2007; 338 Views.
  53. Sharma, J. M., I. J. Kim, S. Rautenschlein and H.Y. Yeh. 2000. Infectious bursal disease virus of chickens: pathogenesis and Dev Comp Immunol. 2000;24:223-235.
  54. Shivachandra, S.B., R.L. Sah, S.D. Singh, J.M. Kataria and K. Manimaran. 2003. Immunosuppression in broiler chicks fed aflatoxin and inoculated with fowl adenovirus serotype-4 (FAV-4) associated with hydropericardium syndrome. Vet Res Com. 2003;27:39-51.
  55. Silverstein, A.M. 2001. The lymphocyte in immunology: from James B. Murphy to James L. Gowans. Immunol. 2, 569?571.
  56. Spradbrow, P.B. 1995. Policy framework for smallholder rural poultry development, Sustainable rural poultry production in Africa, Proceedings of an international workshop held at the International Livestock Research Institute, 13-16 June 1995, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. pp. 66-74.
  57. 1997. SPSS user?s guide statistics Version 10. Copyright SPSS Inc., USA.
  58. Sugiarto, H. and P.L. Yu, 2004. Avian antimicrobial peptides: the defense role of beta-defensins. Biophys. Res. Commun. 323, 721?727.
  59. Tadelle, D.and Y. Jobre. 2004. A review of the importance and control of Newcastle disease in Ethiopia. Vet. J. 1: 71-81.
  60. Tollba, A. A. H and R. M. Mahmoud. 2009. How to Control the Broiler Pathogenetic Intestinal Flora Under Normal or Heat Stress Conditions: 1. Medicinal Plants, Probiotics- Sand as Litter, Poult. Sci. Vol (29) (II): (565-587 )
  61. Zeleki, A., T. Sori, E. Gelaye and G. Azelet. 2005. Newcastle disease in village chickens in Southern and Rift Valley District in Ethiopia. Poult. Sci. ,2005,4(7), 507-510.
  62. Zhang, X., X. Zhang and Q. Yang. 2007. Effect of compound mucosal immune adjuvant on mucosal and systemic immune responses in chicken orally vaccinated with attenuated Newcastle-disease. Vaccine. 2007;25:3254-3262.
  63. Zhao, C., T. Nguyen, L. Liu, R. E. Sacco, K. A. Brogden, and R.I. Lehrer, 2001. Gallinacin-3, an inducible epithelial beta-defensin in the chicken. Immun. 69, 2684?2691.

[K. Athis Kumar. (2018); IMMUNOSTIMULATORY EFFECTS OF SOME FEED SUPPLEMENTS ON LAYING CHICKEN IMMUNIZED WITH LASOTA VACCINE FOR NEWCASTLE DISEASE. Int. J. of Adv. Res. 6 (Aug). 1086-1093] (ISSN 2320-5407). www.journalijar.com


K. Athis Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Zoology, Sivanthi Aditanar College, Pillayarpuram, Kanyakumari District, Tamilnadu, India-629501

DOI:


Article DOI: 10.21474/IJAR01/7617      
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/7617