Next Article in Journal
Chlorella sorokiniana Dietary Supplementation Increases Antioxidant Capacities and Reduces ROS Release in Mitochondria of Hyperthyroid Rat Liver
Next Article in Special Issue
Cytotoxic and DNA-Damaging Effects of Aronia melanocarpa, Cornus mas, and Chaenomeles superba Leaf Extracts on the Human Colon Adenocarcinoma Cell Line Caco-2
Previous Article in Journal
Catalase T-Deficient Fission Yeast Meiocytes Show Resistance to Ionizing Radiation
Previous Article in Special Issue
Comparison of the Antioxidant Activities and Volatile Compounds of Coffee Beans Obtained Using Digestive Bio-Processing (Elephant Dung Coffee) and Commonly Known Processing Methods
 
 
Search for Articles:
Title / Keyword
Author / Affiliation / Email
Journal
Article Type
 
 
Advanced Search
 
Section
Special Issue
Volume
Issue
Number
Page
 
Journals
Antioxidants
Volume 9
Issue 9
10.3390/antiox9090882
antioxidants-logo
Submit to this Journal Review for this Journal Propose a Special Issue
► Article Menu

Article Menu

share Share announcement Help format_quote Cite question_answer Discuss in SciProfiles thumb_up
...
Endorse textsms
...
Comment
first_page
settings
Order Article Reprints
Font Type:
Arial Georgia Verdana
Font Size:
Aa Aa Aa
Line Spacing:
Column Width:
Background:
Review

Use of Spectroscopic Techniques to Monitor Changes in Food Quality during Application of Natural Preservatives: A Review

by
Abdo Hassoun
1,*,
Maria Carpena
2,
Miguel A. Prieto
2,
Jesus Simal-Gandara
2,
Fatih Özogul
3,
Yeşim Özogul
3,
Özlem Emir Çoban
4,
María Guðjónsdóttir
5,6,
Francisco J. Barba
7,
Francisco J. Marti-Quijal
7,
Anet Režek Jambrak
8,
Nadica Maltar-Strmečki
9,
Jasenka Gajdoš Kljusurić
8 and
Joe M. Regenstein
10
1
Nofima AS, Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Research, 9291 Tromsø, Norway
2
Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain
3
Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, Adana 01330, Turkey
4
Fisheries Faculty, Fırat University, Elazığ 23200, Turkey
5
Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Iceland, 113 Reykjavík, Iceland
6
Matis, Food and Biotech R&D, 113 Reykjavík, Iceland
7
Nutrition and Food Science Area, Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, 46100 València, Spain
8
Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
9
Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, Bijenička c. 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
10
Department of Food Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-7201, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Antioxidants 2020, 9(9), 882; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090882
Submission received: 18 August 2020 / Revised: 6 September 2020 / Accepted: 15 September 2020 / Published: 17 September 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Plant Antioxidants for Food Safety and Quality)
Browse Figures
Versions Notes

Abstract

:
Consumer demand for food of high quality has driven research for alternative methods of food preservation on the one hand, and the development of new and rapid quality assessment techniques on the other hand. Recently, there has been a growing need and interest in healthier food products, which has led to an increased interest in natural preservatives, such as essential oils, plant extracts, and edible films and coatings. Several studies have shown the potential of using biopreservation, natural antimicrobials, and antioxidant agents in place of other processing and preservation techniques (e.g., thermal and non-thermal treatments, freezing, or synthetic chemicals). Changes in food quality induced by the application of natural preservatives have been commonly evaluated using a range of traditional methods, including microbiology, sensory, and physicochemical measurements. Several spectroscopic techniques have been proposed as promising alternatives to the traditional time-consuming and destructive methods. This review will provide an overview of recent studies and highlight the potential of spectroscopic techniques to evaluate quality changes in food products following the application of natural preservatives.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Most food products are naturally perishable and require the application of one or more preservation and/or processing techniques to maintain their quality and extend their shelf-life. Microbial growth, chemical, and enzymatic modifications are the main alteration mechanisms, leading to the modification of the sensory and nutritional quality of most foods [1,2,3]. Some estimates indicated that about 25–30% of food is lost, due to microbial spoilage [4,5]. Alterations in nutritional and sensory properties of food can be prevented or delayed by the application of many reliable, well-established techniques, including among others low temperature-based methods (e.g., chilling, and freezing), thermal and non-thermal treatments, and traditional further processing processes (e.g., salting, smoking, and drying) [5,6,7,8]. Chemical and synthetic preservatives, such as sodium benzoate, sodium nitrite, and sulfur dioxide, have also been used (until recently) to enhance the antioxidant and antimicrobial stability of foods. However, these compounds have raised concerns about their possible implications in health problems [1,4,9,10,11]. However, the consumer’s trust in natural preservatives is strengthening. The trend towards ‘natural foods’ has also been strengthened by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which has made consumers more conscious and concerned about food safety than before this crisis. Even before this pandemic, new consumer trends, e.g., low salt in muscle foods and lightly processed, sustainable, and natural products, had been documented [12,13,14,15].
A wide range of natural preservatives derived from plants (e.g., essential oils and plant extracts), animals (e.g., chitosan and lysozyme), or microorganisms (e.g., bacteriocin and organic acids) have been applied to many food products [10,16,17,18]. Known mainly for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, these substances are part of an increasing trend to be used as natural preservatives for several food categories, especially for those that are known to be highly perishable, e.g., muscle food products [12,16,19]. Essential oils (EO) are well-known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties [2,20,21,22,23], while animal-derived compounds, such as chitosan, are often applied in combination with other preservatives that can be used to preserve quality and enhance the quality parameters of treated products [17,24,25,26]. Development of edible coatings and films enriched with EO or other additives and the use of active packaging are also among the strategies used for food preservation [21,27,28,29,30,31]. Bacteriocins and other microbial-derived substances (e.g., organic acids), and bioactive compounds extracted from diverse animal and plant sources are considered as promising antimicrobials [1,19,32].
Quality changes in foods, caused by the application of the aforementioned natural preservatives, have been traditionally evaluated by sensory and microbiological analysis, as well as a variety of physicochemical measurements. Although most of these methods give reliable results, they are mostly destructive and time-consuming, and thus, cannot be applied at an industrial scale for online assessment. It is, therefore, of importance to develop rapid and non-destructive techniques that can be used as alternatives to these methods. Spectroscopic techniques, e.g., Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (i.e., mid-infrared; MIR and near-infrared; NIR) [33,34,35], Raman spectroscopy [36,37], proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) [38,39] and fluorescence spectroscopy [40,41,42] can have an important role. Scopus (Elsevier) was searched for studies published over the past 10 years (i.e., 2010 onwards) using keywords (i.e., spectroscopy, EO, natural preservatives, food) that were relevant to this literature review (Figure 1). As can be seen from this figure, the number of Scopus-indexed articles has increased significantly during the last decade, going from 25 publications in 2010 to 191 in 2019 (Figure 1a), while the number of citations to these papers has risen from 798 in 2010 to 4233 in 2019 (Figure 1b).
This review paper will cover both the recent advances and applications related to plant-, animal- and microbial-derived preservative compounds, and the analytical methods used to assess the quality changes in food following the application of these natural preservatives. The main focus will be on antioxidant- and antimicrobial-related changes in treated foods as assessed using spectroscopic techniques.

2. Natural Food Preservation Technologies

Different approaches have been considered for the development of natural preservatives, which can be classified depending on their origin: Derived from plants (e.g., essential oils and plant extracts), animals (e.g., chitosan and lysozyme) or microorganisms (e.g., bacteriocins) [10,16,17,18]. However, this review has focused on EO and plant extracts (PE), target compounds for edible films and coatings, microbial-derived compounds, and other natural compounds.

2.1. Essential Oils and Plant Extracts

PE and EO are both natural products derived from plants with distinctive characteristics. All plants produce a variety of primary metabolites (e.g., proteins, fatty acids, and carbohydrates) and several secondary metabolites such as polyphenols, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, and flavonoids [43,44]. PE consists of mixtures with high concentrations of these compounds that vary depending on the plant, the extraction method, and the solvent used, usually being aqueous solutions [43,45]. On the other hand, EO are complex mixtures of natural, volatile, and aromatic compounds extracted from plants with variable compositions [23]. They are usually liquid and colorless at room temperature, and they are rich in volatile and low molecular weight secondary metabolites with their main constituents being terpenes and terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and sulfur, and nitrogen compounds [23,46,47]. ISO 9235.2 defines EO as “products obtained from vegetable raw material (either by distillation with water or steam) from the epicarp of Citrus fruits by a mechanical process or by dry distillation without the addition of any water or steam”. It also allows EO to undergo physical treatments whenever the treatments do not entail significant changes in their composition [46,48]. However, even though EO have been traditionally obtained using these methods and the process has been extended to non-citrus plants, other extraction techniques such as ultrasound, microwave, or supercritical fluid extraction have been used [43,46]. Given their composition, both PE and EO have shown different biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, or immunomodulatory [23,47,49,50]. Nevertheless, they are mainly known for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, both properties being applicable for food preservation [2,19]. Table 1 shows several examples of studies where EO and PE obtained from different plants were added to food matrixes along with their main beneficial properties.
Their mechanisms of action are not completely understood, but some aspects are generally agreed upon. Antimicrobial activity is usually related to the hydrophobic/lipophilic character of EO, which allow them to cross membranes and to make their different layers permeable [23]. Moreover, both PE and EO usually have high amounts of polyphenols, which have been studied for their ability to modify cell membrane permeability and to inhibit certain enzymes, among other mechanisms [50,67,68]. Antioxidant activity is usually correlated with the phenolic compounds, i.e., being able to prevent the formation of free radicals, the propagation of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and to chelate pro-oxidants [69], and thus, stopping or delaying oxidation and thereby extending the food products’ shelf-life [2]. As PE and EO can be destabilized, due to different factors (e.g., light, temperature, oxygen, and pH) when incorporated into food products, several encapsulation systems have been studied to assure and enhance the properties of these compounds [46], as well as the inclusion of these extracts in active packaging systems [70].

2.2. Edible Films and Coatings

Edible films and coatings are considered as primary packaging systems that have been proposed as alternative methods for food preservation [71]. Consumers seem to be willing to accept some products that use edible, biodegradable, and eco-friendly packaging materials [72]. Among them, polysaccharides, such as chitosan, pectin, or alginate have been used [71]. Moreover, these compounds are often applied in combination or enriched with other preservatives (such as EO and PE) to enhance the quality of food products [17,25,26]. Both techniques usually appear together, but they are different in their application process: Edible films are synthesized separately and then applied to food as a covering, whereas coatings are formed directly over the food surface by dipping the product into the coating solution [31,73]. Edible films and coatings should fulfill certain requirements that will depend on the characteristics of the food to be protected, such as low water vapor permeability or low oxygen permeability, but in general, they should: (1) Have a high water barrier, (2) control or retard gas exchange, and moisture intake, (3) confer microbial, biochemical and physicochemical stability, and (4) be economical, safe, and effectively integrated with the food supply chain [71,74,75]. Natural edible films or coatings can incorporate aroma, flavor compounds, or nutritional substances, as well as encapsulated antioxidant and antimicrobial agents, or even nanoparticles [31,71]. Figure 2 shows a scheme for how edible films and coatings are formed in different ways, and the different bioactive compounds that can be incorporated into them. Thus, even though there is no expectation that traditional packaging materials will be abandoned, the edible films and coatings are a suitable alternative for enhanced or extended shelf-life and stability of food products and the improvement of the postharvest physiological properties of some products, preventing surface contamination and possibly improving food packaging efficiency [72,73].
Polysaccharides used in these applications can be classified depending on their origin: Animal-derived compounds (e.g., chitin and chitosan), plant-derived (e.g., cellulose, starch, pectin, and gum Arabic), seaweed-derived (e.g., agar, alginate, and carrageenan), and microbial-derived (e.g., pullulan, gellan, and xanthan gum). Lipid compounds, such as oil, resins, or waxes, have also been used, and protein-based films (e.g., gelatin, collagen, milk, soy, and whey proteins) are also being studied [71]. All these compounds are supposed to be non-toxic and used as the inner layers that are directly in touch with the food products [75,76]. Table 2 lists some examples of applications of edible films and coatings based on different edible materials. Current studies have also been focused on composite films and coatings based on a multicomponent approach to take advantage of the best properties of each component, avoiding their individual drawbacks and enhancing the properties of the food [76]. All of these compounds have potential as natural preservatives and as molecules’ carriers for the enhancement of food quality.

2.3. Microbial-Derived Compounds

As previously mentioned, some microbial-derived compounds, namely, polysaccharides, such as pullulan or xanthan gum, have been used in edible film and coating formulations. Others include bacteriocins. Bacteriocins are low molecular weight ribosomally synthesized peptides or complex proteins produced by several Gram-positive, Gram-negative, and archaea bacteria that are able to inhibit or kill other microorganisms [113,114,115]. These compounds are non-toxic and physically stable, thus they have a high potential as food preservatives for their antimicrobial properties [113]. Several bacteriocins have been isolated, especially from the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) genera, as they are GRAS (generally recognized as safe by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)) organisms that can be easily incorporated into food [115]. Bacteriocins can be divided into three or four different classes (depending on the authors) according to different characteristics, such as genetic profile, biochemical characteristics, the content of sulfide bonds, molecular weight, heat and enzyme stability, post-translational modifications, and antimicrobial action [113]. In general, Class I or lantibiotics are small peptides (19–38 amino acid residues) with lanthionine and methyllanthionine in their primary structure, thermostable and post-translationally modified [113,114]. The main representative of this class in nisin, which is also the only commercially produced and approved by multiple regulatory agencies for use with muscle foods for preservation purposes, among others [115,116]. Class II are heat-stable peptides, also small with an amphiphilic helical structure. Class III encompasses larger bacteriocins that are heat-labile and non-lytic with complex activity and protein structure. And class IV are more complex bacteriocins containing lipid or carbohydrate moieties and are sensitive to glycolytic or lipolytic enzymes [113,114]. Bacteriocins, after synthesis and transport, mainly act by disrupting cell walls or inhibiting the synthesis of targeted molecules. A summary of these mechanisms is shown in Figure 3. Bacteriocins can be used as isolated pure preparations, or as the products of bacteriocin-containing fermenters, bacteriocin-producing cultures, immobilized components of edible films or even combining them with nanoscale drug delivery systems [116,117,118]. They can be used in combination with EO or clinical antibiotics, sometimes with a synergistic effect [119,120]. The possibilities of bioengineering (i.e., directed mutagenesis, heterologous expression) of bacteriocins are being studied, including possible mutagenesis to improve their preservative effect, reduce the incidences of antibiotic resistance and enhance their role as health modulators of the human gut microbiota [115,116,121]. Some studies have shown the effect of bacteriocins with food products. Enterocin AS-48 showed a significant reduction of viable microorganisms and a decrease of biogenic amines when used during sardine storage [122]. A study showed that a pre-treatment with a nisin enriched osmotic solution combined with vacuum packaging could extend the shelf-life of tuna from 10 (untreated) to 51 days [123]. Nisin was also used on a nanoemulsion-based active coating mixed with EO and polylysine. It extended the shelf-life of meat products [124]. Other studies have investigated the addition of bacteriocins to food products with nanoparticles or as bacteriocin-producing cultures [125,126].

2.4. Other Natural Compounds

Some molecules are known for their strong antioxidant and antimicrobial character, such as the polyphenols or flavonoids [50,68]. However, other natural compounds have been used as preservative agents, such as organic acids, enzymes, or bioactive peptides. Some examples are discussed in this section. A study showed that the addition of organic acids, e.g., acetic acid and sodium lactate to pork sausages, avoided early rancidity, oxidation, or off-flavors without compromising sensory qualities [129]. Other authors researched the effect of adding lactic, citric, and acetic acids with NaCl to refrigerated brown crab meat and found that shelf-life could be extended up to 3 days by adding lactic acid and doubled by using acetic acid [130]. The enzyme lysozyme is used as a food preservative for its capacity to hydrolyze the bacterial cell wall, causing cell death [131]. Recent studies have evaluated its antimicrobial capacity using it in combination with catechin on gelatin-based edible films to maintain the quality of pork meat [132,133]. Another study assessed the effects of adding lysozyme combined with phytic acid on refrigerated grass carp fillets showing a reduction in the proportion of Pseudomonas, Shewanella, and Aeromonas, as well as a reduction in total volatile basic nitrogen and putrescine, thus extending their shelf-life for two days [131]. Other enzymes have also been tested, such as a lactoperoxidase system, which was incorporated into whey protein-based coatings and applied to refrigerated rainbow trout to provide a shelf-life extension of up to four days [134].

3. Traditional Methods Used to Evaluate Quality Changes

Quality changes occurring in food products, due to the addition of natural preservatives, can be evaluated by using several traditional methods. Sensory and microbiological measurements are the most often used, but a range of physical and chemical/biochemical parameters (such as oxidation products and volatile compounds) can also be applied. As muscle foods (e.g., fish, and mammalian and avian meats) are highly perishable, the following section will discuss the use of traditional techniques with this category.

3.1. Sensory Analysis

Both microbial activity and chemical changes cause quality degradation of muscle food products during processing and storage [135,136]. Natural preservatives can be used to improve sensory properties and to extend the shelf-life. Arulkumar et al. recently investigated the impact of the extract of betel leaf (Piper betle) on sardine (Sardinella albella) meat to prolong shelf-life during storage in ice [137]. They found that the extract treatment enhanced the sensory qualities of fish and prolonged its shelf-life by 12 days compared to the control group. In another study, Gao et al. reported that epigallocatechin gallate-gelatin biofilm treatment efficiently lessened the fishy smell of tilapia, enhanced the sensory quality, and extended the shelf-life of the fish fillets for six days at 4 °C [138].
On the other hand, when used at high concentrations, natural preservatives, such as EO, may result in undesirable sensory properties of treated seafood products [2,139] and meat products [140,141]. Actually, some EO have a strong odor and flavor, thus they may leave an undesirable after taste, which could result in a reduction in the acceptance or liking degree for meat and seafood products [142,143,144]. Cilli et al. assessed the effect of 1 and 2% grape pomace flour (GPF) addition on frozen salmon burgers in terms of oxidative stability, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics [145]. The authors observed that GPF decreased the degree of liking of appearance, color, and overall quality of salmon burgers compared to the control groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, using 2% GPF generally resulted in a lower flavor score, as it masked the characteristic fish flavor.
Color and texture appear to be the most relevant sensory properties affecting consumer purchasing decisions of foods [146,147]. The L* color parameter describes the ‘‘lightness” and usually lessens in meat and meat products during extended refrigerated storage because of oxidation [148]. Chuesiang et al. investigated the effect of low (LC) and high levels (HC) of cinnamon oil nanoemulsion (CN) and bulk cinnamon oil (BO) on the quality of Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) fillets [149]. Throughout storage, while L* values of the treated samples stayed constant, a* (the green–red component) and b* (the blue-yellow component) values were significantly decreased and increased, respectively, particularly for HC-CN, and HC-BO treated fillets. In another study, He and Xiao reported that the tangerine peel (TP) EO glazing layer treatment significantly (p < 0.05) influenced the hardness, springiness, and cohesiveness of bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) samples during storage [150].

3.2. Microbiological Evaluation

Natural preservatives, especially EO, have antimicrobial properties that have been widely exploited in the seafood processing industry [2,151]. For example, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of EO (oregano, thyme, and star anise) on microbial load and quality of grass carp fillets were studied by Reference [152]. EO treatments were observed to be effective in preventing microbial growth and retarding lipid oxidation, and therefore, prolonging the shelf-life of grass carp fillets (six days for the control and eight days for EO groups). Nano-emulsions based on EO have an antimicrobial effect against most Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. It was reported that nanoemulsions based on EO of rosemary, laurel, thyme, and sage improved the organoleptic quality of rainbow trout. Nano-emulsions based on EO inhibited the growth rate of mesophilic anaerobic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae on rainbow trout fillets [153]. Similar results were reported for cinnamon oil nanoemulsions for Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) fillets [149].
Some studies investigated the possibility of adding plant extracts directly to the ice used for the preservation of fish. For example, the impact of the rosemary extract (0.05 and 0.1%) with icing on the quality of sardines was evaluated using chemical, sensory, and microbiological procedures [55]. The ice containing rosemary extract reduced the growth of bacteria, thus maintaining the quality and safety of the sardines. In a similar study, the addition of an extract of thyme (0.04% w/v), oregano (0.03% w/v), and clove (0.02% w/v) in ice used for the storage of anchovies resulted in a longer shelf-life [154]. He et al. studied super chilling storage-ice glazing (SS-IG), applying 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3% v/v of clove EO mixtures on sea bass [146]. Results indicated that the mixture was efficient in the prevention of microbial and chemical spoilage of fish samples. Yavuzer et al. [155] also investigated the effect of icing with peel extracts of potato, sweet potato, sugar beet, and red beet on the sensory, chemical, and microbiological attributes of rainbow trout fillets. One of the main conclusions was that these waste products could be used as antimicrobial agents. Li et al. suggested that the use of grape seed extracts (GSE) for cultured snakehead fillets prevented the growth of Aeromonas [156]. The use of laurel and myrtle extracts significantly reduced bacterial growth in European eel fillets [157]. Lahreche et al. [158] also reported low bacterial growth when both oregano extract and vacuum packaging were applied to frigate tuna muscles. And carvacrol was reported to extend the shelf-life of sea bass fillets, due to its inhibitory effects on Pseudomonas, H2S-producing bacteria, psychrophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria (LAB), and yeast and molds [159].
Chitosan coatings, along with EO, have been used in food products, due to their properties being biocompatible, transparent, and colorless with good antimicrobial activity [160,161]. Valencia Junca et al. used chitosan beads incorporated with EO of Thymus capitatus with red tilapia fillets [161]. Shelf-life of treated groups increased, due to the inhibition of growth of microorganisms, including total coliforms, S. aureus, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, and Salmonella enterica sub enterica. The efficiency of pectin coatings supplemented with clove (C) EO, as edible coatings were used to maintain the quality of bream fillets during 15 days of chilling [161]. Pectin coating with CEO was efficient in preventing bacterial growth, particularly in Gram-negative bacteria, whereas the growth of LAB stayed steady for almost the entire storage period.

3.3. Physical and Chemical/Biochemical Parameters

Consumers are more aware of health concerns and may no longer approve chemical preservatives, due to possible toxicological effects. Therefore, natural extracts and products prepared in an environmentally friendly way have been applied to, among others, prevent the formation of BA in fish and seafood products. Noori et al. reported a decrease in the production of BA in common carp treated with both lactic acid and ajwain (Carum copticum) [162]. Histamine was not detected at the initial stages of common carp stored at 4 °C, in agreement with the results of Hosseini et al. [163]. Özogul et al. investigated BA formation of vacuum-packed European anchovy along with 1% lemon balm (LB) and lavender (LD) extracts [151]. Both LB and LD extracts decreased most BA content, especially lessening histamine 3-fold compared to the control group.
Lipid oxidation and protein degradation are caused by bacteria and endogenous enzymes [152]. Many plant extracts and their EO have been observed to have positive influences on retarding lipid and protein oxidation and prolonging the shelf-life of various fish and seafood products with different storage conditions. The microbiological features and quality attributes of turbot fillets treated with several concentrations (1, 4, and 8 μL/L) of EO of clove, cumin, and spearmint for 20 days at 2 ± 1 °C were studied [164]. All EO inhibited the oxidation of turbot fillets, and the most efficient EO was spearmint oil. Spearmint oil at 4 μL/L preserved the color and texture, delayed the protein and lipid oxidation, and decreased the bacterial counts.
Both peroxide value (PV) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) are important parameters to measure the level of lipid oxidation during food storage [27]. The use of rosemary extract, a good antioxidant source, in combination with nisin, was investigated to prolong the shelf-life of pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) fillets during refrigerated storage [165]. Lipid oxidation was greatly reduced using rosemary extract reflected as decreased PV and TBA values compared to the control and nisin group. Rosemary extract inhibited lipid oxidation by scavenging free radicals to stop the free radical chains. Similar antioxidant properties were observed with grape pomace flour [145], chlorogenic acid [166], and gelatin-polycaprolactone composite films combined with lysozyme and pomegranate PE [136].
Another parameter that has been used as a quality change indicator is total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), whose increase during storage results from microbial activity. The lowest TVB-N increase for mackerel was obtain using a composite film combined with pomegranate PE-lysozyme [136]. This was probably due to the bioactive polyphenols in pomegranate PE and antibacterial properties of lysozyme, which prevented the growth of microorganisms responsible for the oxidative deamination of non-protein nitrogen compounds. The impact of sodium alginate (SA) coating, along with tea phenolic compounds (TP) on the quality of fresh Japanese sea bass fillets was evaluated [167]. The results showed, among others, that the SA-TC treatments reduced the TVB-N. The lowest TVB-N content was also obtained from refrigerated Chinese shrimp treated with chitosan coatings combined with carrageenan and ε-polylysine, which inhibited microbial growth and delayed the microbial oxidative deamination of nitrogen-containing compounds [168].
The ATP catabolism pathway in fish has been studied, and the breakdown is as follows: ATP, ADP, AMP, IMP, HxR, and Hx, which then goes on to other compounds. The amount of each of these compounds can be used to determine the K-value in many fish species. Ocaño-Higuera et al. reported that K-value shows the change in freshness, especially at the initial stage of storage [169]. Allium sativum could prevent the degradation of ATP and retain the freshness of large yellow croaker [170]. Huang et al. reported that cinnamon bark EO can efficiently prevent the degradation of ATP and maintain the high quality of grass carp fillet [171]. Chitosan at 2% was found to be efficient in delaying the degradation of ATP, thus lower the K-value, extending the shelf-life of fish samples in frozen storage [169].

4. Spectroscopic Monitoring Techniques

4.1. Overview of Spectroscopic Techniques

Spectroscopic analytical methods are commonly used in food quality assessment, due to their non-destructive nature and versatility of applications [172,173]. The main spectroscopic methods are based on two fundamental concepts, i.e., vibrational and spin-based spectroscopy. The most commonly applied spectroscopic methods in food science are described in this section. The main advantages and limitations of each spectroscopic technique are summarized in Table 3.
The vibrational spectroscopy methods can best be described using the quantum effect of electromagnetic energy excitation and emission, as shown in a Jablonski diagram [174]. Absorption spectroscopy methods ranging from the ultraviolet (UV) region of the electromagnetic spectra to the infrared (IR) region correspond to the excitation of a molecule through the absorption of light from the ground state (S0) to an excited state (S1). This requires a specific quantity of electromagnetic energy (ΔE), which is characteristic of the chemical composition and environment of the molecule. On the other hand, fluorescence and phosphorescence spectra arise, due to emission from an excited quantum state back to the ground state, generally at a higher wavelength with less electromagnetic energy [175,176].
The mid-infrared (MIR) wavelength domain (wave numbers from 4000–400 cm−1) gives rise to fundamental tones of the natural vibrations of bending, stretching, twisting, etc. of chemical bonds. Vibrations of common functional groups found in food products, such as -OH, -NH2, -CH3, C=O, and C6H5- absorb and generate strong and narrow signals in the MIR [35,174,177]. These absorption bands are dependent on the effects of hydrogen bonding, water content, particle size, temperature, etc. The positions of the fundamental absorption bands are well documented [178,179], making IR spectroscopy an effective tool in the analysis of proteins, carbohydrates, etc. Fourier transform (FT) IR has been used for various applications, including monitoring of quality changes in foods as a result of the addition of natural preservatives [34,180,181,182].
The near (N) IR (wave numbers from 12500–4000 cm−1) domain mainly give rise to overtones and combination bands of the fundamental tones seen in the MIR. Vibrational overtones of common biochemical bonds, such as C-H, O-H, N-H, S-H, and C=O are detected in the NIR, making NIR spectroscopy useful for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of water, lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates [174]. However, the peaks in the NIR are often broad and overlapping, often making peak assessment and interpretation of the spectra difficult, unless coupled with multivariate chemometric analysis. NIR spectroscopy has been shown to be an effective and fast method for online assessment of various food quality parameters.
Raman scattering is based on inelastic light scattering and changes in molecular polarizability, allowing even normal IR-inactive vibrations to produce signals, due to their fundamental molecular vibrations [183]. Surface-enhanced techniques are the most sensitive way to use Raman scattering, allowing the analysis of complex functional and structural characteristics of single biomolecules [184].
UV-Vis spectroscopy is mostly used for destructive studies, where chemical reactions leading to the development of “color” are used. For example, the analysis of oil degeneration by measuring anisidine and peroxide values (AV and PV) of oils, which form complexes that give rise to peaks in the UV spectral range (50,000–25,000 cm−1 or 200 to 400 nm). However, the visual spectrum (Vis, 25,000–12,500 cm−1, or 400 to 800 nm) allows analysis of the color of samples and any changes [174,185]. This makes the visual spectrum important, especially in the assessment of the performance of natural preservatives. Fluorescence spectroscopy, as mostly used, is based on the emission of light from a fluorophore, a fluorescent molecule, which has been excited by either UV or visible light. This gives rise to both an excitation and an emission spectrum that can be used for analysis. Fluorescence is seldom used alone for food analysis, but rather in connection with molecular separation techniques, such as liquid chromatography, e.g., high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which allows the molecules involved in fluorescence to be identified. Such combinations of techniques detect low concentrations of pathogenic microbes, toxins, antibiotics, or food additives, and is a powerful method to detect the causes of food poisoning [174,186]. Fluorescence spectroscopy may also be used for the analysis of structural changes of proteins, characterization of carbohydrates and lipid classes in oils, among many other applications [174,175,187].
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is based on the spin of nuclei with a magnetic momentum, such as 1H, 13C, 23Na, and 31P that are excited between energy states, created when the molecule is placed in an external magnetic field. Electromagnetic pulse trains are used to excite and change the spin direction of the nuclei. After the pulses have been turned off, the nuclei return to their fundamental spin state. The time it takes the nuclei to return to the fundamental state is characteristic for the molecule and their environment [188]. NMR analytical methods are often classified according to the external magnetic field strength applied. Low field NMR (10–50 MHz) is used for several applications of food quality assessment and has been shown to be able to effectively measure several water and lipid characteristics of food, changes in muscle structure and functionality, characteristics of emulsions, etc. [189]. High field NMR (>300 MHz) has been used for a detailed analysis of the chemical structures in organic chemistry and pharmaceutical applications. In food science, high field NMR has been especially useful in structural analysis of complex molecules, such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids [190].
All the above-mentioned methods can be integrated with image analysis, resulting in methods, such as hyperspectral and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These methods provide pixelwise spectral and image data—which is particularly useful when samples are heterogeneous and chemical components, are not evenly distributed throughout the sample [178,191]. The development of more handheld and mobile instruments, which allow faster quality analysis where traditional laboratory instruments did not have easy access, are now available.

4.2. Examples of Applications of Spectroscopic Techniques

4.2.1. UV-Vis and Fluorescence Spectroscopy

The UV-Vis spectroscopy is based on the measurement of the absorbance of the sample in the region of the UV (250–400 nm) or visible (400–780 nm) spectrum, and reflects the energy absorbed for electronic transitions [7]. To evaluate the total antioxidant capacity (TAC), which has several health benefits, the spectroscopic methods can be used, and the evaluation is based on the generation of radical species and their subsequent disappearance when the antioxidant compound is added [192]. For example, an in vitro antioxidant test is the Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay. This method measures the decrease in the color of the ABTS•+ reagent when returning to its initial form as ABTS, due to the antioxidant effect of the sample, and is normally measured at 734 nm [193]. Another widely used test is the DPPH test, which is based on the same principle as TEAC. DPPH is a dark purple reagent that loses its color when the antioxidant sample is added, and is normally measured at 515 nm [193]. Several studies can be found in which these methods are used to assess the quality of foods enriched with natural preservatives. Brodowska et al. evaluated the preservation of ground pork patties with sour cherry extract for eight days by measuring the antioxidant capacity using TEAC [194]. In another study, Pasukamonset et al. also used the TEAC assay to evaluate the oxidative stability of cooked pork patties with Clitoria ternatea extract [195]. Lorenzo et al. [196] used the TEAC assay to evaluate the influence of pitanga leaf extracts on the TAC of pork burgers during storage. On the other hand, Al-Juhaimi et al. used the DPPH method to evaluate the antioxidant potential of Acacia nilotica fruit flesh extracts in beef burgers [197].
Spectrophotometric methods are also useful to determine lipid oxidation of food products. Lipid oxidation promotes the degradation of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and the production of carbonyls and hydrocarbon compounds as decomposition products. Lipid oxidation is the main factor that influences the quality of meat and its derivatives, since it entails changes in quality parameters, such as aroma, color, flavor, and/or nutritional value [198,199]. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assay is used to evaluate lipid oxidation. This test consists of the measurement at 532 nm of the colored complex formed between malondialdehyde (MDA) and 2-thiobarbituric acid (TBA). One application has been to test the addition of natural preservatives with meat products, which have been investigated in a large number of studies. Some of these studies have already been discussed [27,136,145,164,165,166]. Other meat quality parameters, such as conjugated dienes (measured at 233 nm), protein carbonyl groups (measured at 370 nm), protein thiol groups (measured at 410 nm), or metmyoglobin (measured at 525, 572, and 730 nm), all of which reflect quality and acceptability can be measured by UV-Vis spectroscopy [195,200].
Two studies were conducted to study the potential of using fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate the impact of glazing with rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract [201] and glazing with polyacrylate and D-sodium erythorbate [202] on the preservation of mud shrimp (Solenocera melantho) and the quality changes of squid during frozen storage, respectively. In these two studies, the intrinsic fluorescence of tryptophan was used as an indicator of conformational changes of myofibrillar proteins. Results showed a smaller decrease in fluorescence intensity of glazed samples compared to the controls, indicating a protective impact of the glazing treatment against protein degradation and denaturation. Cropotova et al. used fluorescence spectroscopy successfully to monitor changes in quality (especially oxidation measured using TBARS) of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) subjected to different natural antioxidants (rosemary extract and rosemary extract with ascorbyl palmitate) and sous-vide cooking treatments [41]. In another study, the same fish species treated with rosemary and basil EO was also analyzed using fluorescence spectroscopy and several traditional quality changes indicators [40]. Although neither sensory nor microbiological measurements were done, the results of the other traditional techniques seemed to indicate an increase of 2 to 5 days in the shelf-life of the treated samples. Moreover, high correlations were observed between fluorescence data and traditional measurements, suggesting that fluorescence spectroscopy could be used as an alternative to traditional measurements.

4.2.2. Vibrational Spectroscopy

Vibrational spectroscopy over a range of wavelengths (Figure 4) can be used. Rapid monitoring of the spoilage of minced beef stored with conventionally and active packaging conditions using FT-IR with chemometrics was investigated by Ammor et al. [182]. Their results showed the ability of FT-IR with chemometrics to accurately predict the packaging type. They also developed a model that could accurately discriminate minced beef samples according to the type of packaging. This could be an economical, rapid and non-invasive tool for the monitoring of minced beef spoilage using the measurement of biochemical changes rather than enumerating bacteria [182]. Computational methods using classification or regression models from spectral or imaging data can be used for model training and validation [203]. The results showed that FT-IR spectral data could be potentially used to monitor spoilage as it can be correlated with microbial counts and/or organoleptic characteristics. Pavli et al. showed that high-pressure processing and the addition of oregano EO in sodium alginate edible films with meat products can eliminate the growth and even the presence of Listeria monocytogenes [181]. The use of hyperspectral imaging technique for the non-destructive prediction of pork meat quality and safety was shown by Tao and Peng using a real-time detection system for evaluating pork meat tenderness and E. coli contamination [204].

4.2.3. Raman Spectroscopy

Raman spectroscopy (RS) requires minimal or no sample preparation and can be used for online quality control. Although there is low sensitivity, due to RS intensity, of about 10−6 fold that of the excitation laser, which limits its practical application. However, many enhanced techniques have been developed, such as resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS), coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy (CARS), stimulated Raman spectroscopy (SRS), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) that improve the intensity of RS. Among these technologies, SERS is the most used and effective [205]. The FT-RS has been used to investigate the role of antioxidants and cryoprotectants in minimizing protein denaturation in frozen cod (Gadus morhua) fillets treated with either antioxidants (vitamin C or vitamin C with vitamin E), antioxidants (vitamins C + E) with citrate, cryoprotectants or their mixtures. Raman structure analysis showed differences in the frequency, intensity, and the shapes of the peaks, indicating that the antioxidants minimized the denaturation of proteins caused mainly by ice crystal formation and/or the resultant solute concentration, and also lipid oxidation products. Furthermore, the denaturation of proteins involved an increase in hydrophobic groups and exposure of other polar groups, due to the unfolding of the molecules, accompanied by changes in the secondary structure [206].
The antioxidant effect of an innovative active plastic film containing olive leaf extracts on fresh pork meat was evaluated using Raman spectroscopy to determine the efficiency of the active materials on the inhibition of oxidation and the extension of the shelf-life of fresh meat, as well as showing the feasibility of Raman spectroscopy for monitoring of meat oxidation [37]. Raman spectroscopy showed that the antioxidant effect increased when the concentration of natural extract in the multilayer film increased. The authors also referred to the Raman bands that can be used for the determination of total unsaturation. In another study, it was reported that clove and cinnamon EO prevented lipid and protein oxidation and extended the shelf-life of ready to cook (RTC) pork chops during chilled storage. Raman spectroscopy provided data correlating with TBARS values and allowing a better understanding of the structural changes in RTC pork chops during refrigerated storage [207]. The effect of adding several antimicrobial and antioxidant additives (sodium citrate tribasic, E331, ascorbic acid, E300, and sodium ascorbate, E301 on meat drip from defrosted yellowfin tuna fish loins was studied by Howes et al. [208]. Different bands of Raman spectra, especially those located at 570 and 578 cm−1 allowed to gain insight into the nature of the complex formed in the presence of these additives.

4.2.4. NMR and EPR Spectroscopy

The applications of magnetic resonance techniques, particularly NMR and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has not yet been recognized as an official methodology of food analysis despite numerous potential applications. Nonetheless, they are contributing to food science and complementing other conventional methodologies [209,210]. The main reasons for the increase of EPR/NMR-related food applications are the development of more powerful methods, as well as technological breakthroughs, benchtop instruments, and user-friendly software. The most important difference between NMR and EPR is that the NMR is concerned with the changes in spin in the nucleus while EPR describes changes in the electron spin. EPR, also called electron spin resonance (ESR), is a lesser-known magnetic resonance technique, which utilizes microwave radiation to probe species with unpaired electrons, such as radicals, radical cations, and triplets in the presence of an externally applied static magnetic field. Although limited to samples with unpaired electron spins, EPR spectroscopy has a broad range of versatile applications. Both techniques of magnetic resonance could provide information about the structural, compositional, and functional aspects of molecules. High-resolution NMR spectroscopy, applied to the liquid, semi-solid, or solid food samples can be used to determine chemical composition, including authentication and classification, quality control, sensory evaluation, understanding molecular mechanisms and interactions of food components, as well as the reactions of antifungal and antibacterial effects [210,211,212,213]. Low field (LF) NMR relaxometry and imaging applied to food samples gave information regarding their morphology and texture [214]. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique used to monitor the spatial, internal morphology, and molecular distribution of water in marine fish.
NMR studies of natural preservatives for meat and fish products have been used to measure changes in quality. By monitoring the NMR transverse relaxation T2 of the three different types of water Liu et al. found that the application of gelatin with red pitaya methanol PE (RPPE) as a coating for crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) during refrigerated storage can be effective in retarding quality deterioration [215]. The results showed an increase in free water and slight changes of bound and immobile water in deshelled crayfish samples with storage. There was no significant differences detected among the immobilized water for treatment with gelatin solutions containing 0.1% (w/v) ε-PL with 3% RPPE compared with other samples (0.1% (w/v) ε-PL with 1% RPPE and 0.1% (w/v) ε-PL with 2% RPPE). The authors concluded that probably due to the greater RPPE addition, the immobilized water within the myofibril movement to free water was slowed, maintaining the good quality of the crayfish muscle [215]. Li et al. applied LF-NMR as an effective way to evaluate the freshness of farmed Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) during cold storage with the application of sodium alginate (SA) and flaxseed gum (FG) active coatings containing microencapsulated eugenol emulsions for extension of shelf-life [216]. The results showed that sea bass samples treated with eugenol had a lower content of free water. The authors also monitored water migration using MRI and the proton density-weighted images of sea bass samples, and confirmed that on the 16th day the color of uncoated sea bass samples were darker and bluer than others because of myofibrillar degradation, whereas the brightness of eugenol treated sea bass samples were lighter compared with the uncoated ones. SA-FG coatings indicated that 0.15% eugenol addition combined with cold (4 °C) could be suitable for retaining the freshness and extended the shelf-life of the sea bass samples. Similar results were reported after glazing with sodium polyacrylate (SP) and D-sodium erythorbate (DSE) on the quality changes of squid during the frozen storage of squids. NMR results showed that compared with the unglazed groups, the application of glazing had a beneficial effect on moisture loss and prolonged shelf-life [202]. Glazing tuna with rosmarinic acid, a bamboo leaf antioxidant, and sodium lactate that was stored at −18 °C for 180 days showed that bamboo leaf had the best water retention and could effectively reduce water losses. After the application of rosmarinic acid and sodium lactate, the data showed an uneven distribution of moisture [39]. Zhang et al. indicated that the surimi processing by-products (SPB) hydrolysates could be used as natural antioxidants-cryoprotectants, as well as gel texture enhancers in freshwater fish surimi [187]. These effects of SPB hydrolysates on silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) surimi were monitored, and it was shown that SPB hydrolysates effectively enhanced the interaction of water molecules and myosin molecules within the gel network and stabilized the gel structure, which prevented the loss of water holding capacity of the gels [187]. Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) effects with different gas ratios combined with gelatin coatings containing eugenol on Chinese sea bass were studied using high field NMR and MRI [214]. The results showed prevention of water loss and shelf-life extension. Pseudo-color images were generated from MRI depending on the level of portion density, providing visual information of the internal morphological organization and molecular distribution in the samples. The same research team obtained similar results when the effects of gelatin active coating containing eugenol/β-cyclodextrin emulsions combined with superchilling [217]. Zhu et al. [218] that the effect of nutmeg (N, Myristica fragrans Houtt) EO encapsulated solid liposomes (NEO-SLP) and cold nitrogen plasma treated NEO-SLP (P-NEO-SLP) were studied with pork tenderloin meat batters. The results of water holding capacity measured by NMR showed that more water was entrapped in the protein gels after P-NEO-SLP addition, due to the increased and strengthened protein-protein interaction as more proteins that were less oxidized were involved in protein entanglement [218].
EPR spectroscopy is mainly used for quantification of radical species, exploration of redox mechanisms in foods, assessment of the antioxidant and antimicrobial activity, as well as monitoring food quality through studies of protective activity, stability, and food shelf-life [209,219]. Some EPR studies have been done on natural preservatives without application in foods [220,221,222] or to follow specific food treatments, such as sterilization. Paari et al. showed using EPR radical scavenge measurements that the addition of curcumin improved the oxidative stability of irradiated goat fish (Parupeneus Indicus) [223]. Using EPR spin trapping, Bolumar et al. monitored the formation of radicals during high pressure (HP) processing of beef loins and chicken breasts [224]. The addition of natural antioxidants (rosemary extract (RE), caffeic acid, and ascorbic acid) did not provide protection against HP, while similar spin adducts for beef without antioxidant were observed. Other than iron-derived radicals, the results of this study provided evidence of the generation of protein-derived radicals during the HP-treatments. On the other hand, lipid-derived carbon-centered alkyl radical formation was studied in roasted meat using EPR. It was shown that the 0.03% addition of tea polyphenols (TPP) significantly reduced radical formation during roasting, while the 0.03% RE had no significant inhibitory effect [225]. The tendency of pork patties to form radicals was monitored using the spin-trapping technique combined with ESR at the surface and the inner parts for the different packaging systems (vacuum, RE active, and oxygen scavenger packaging) throughout storage. It was shown that RE active packaging was the most effective method to protect pork patties from the lipid oxidation induced by HP processing [226]. Niseen et al. used direct EPR measurements of low water activity products for the detection and quantification of oxidation in dehydrated chicken meat [227]. Four natural antioxidants were applied, and the results showed that RE had higher antioxidant efficiency in preventing the oxidation than coffee and tea, while grape skins had the lowest efficiency. EPR oximetry, which is based on the broadening of ESR-lines in the presence of oxygen, is a method to investigate local oxygen concentrations, oxygen diffusion products, as well as for the study of oxygen transport and the depletion of membranes and proteins. Despite its numerous possibilities for oxygen measurements, it has only been used with model food systems [228].

5. Final Remarks and Future Trends

Natural preservatives can be used as promising alternatives to other preservation methods. Given the consumer demand for safer and more natural foods, natural preservatives have been a research focus. The main benefits of applying natural compounds, e.g., EO, PE, and chitosan, are enhanced antimicrobial and antioxidant stabilities of the treated foods. Therefore, the use of such preservation technologies helps to maintain the quality of fresh food products and prolong their shelf-life. Nevertheless, the use of natural preservatives still has some shortcomings that prevent their broader range of industrial applications. One obstacle is the impact of some natural preservatives, such as EO or chitosan, on the organoleptic properties of treated products. Some studies have indicated that the application of the hurdle concept by combining several preservative strategies may overcome this limitation. The safety of natural preservative compounds could be an issue that needs to be addressed and require more investigations to reassure consumers. Further studies are also required to better understand this synergistic combination of different preservative approaches and how such strategies could achieve more desirable preservation. In addition, active molecules responsible for the preservative actions, the minimum quantity required to produce the intended effects, and the mechanisms of action of EO, biopreservation, and other natural preservation strategies have to be better elucidated. At the same time, the increasing consumer demand for foods of high quality and safety has led to the development of rapid, accurate, and non-destructive analytical methods that can be used in place of traditional analytical ones. Although sensory and microbiological methods have been used and considered as standard methods for the evaluation of food quality and validation of shelf-life, these methods are time-consuming and can be expensive. Other traditional methods, such as physicochemical measurements, are destructive and may require chemical treatments of samples. Therefore, several spectroscopic techniques have been tested for monitoring changes in food quality, resulting from the application of natural preservatives or other preservative strategies. The main advantage of the application of spectroscopic techniques is the non-targeted nature of the measurements, thus providing valuable information, which can be considered as a fingerprint. Most of these techniques are fast and require minimal sample preparation and/or use of chemicals, making them appropriate for the modern food industries. Among these techniques, IR spectroscopy seems to be the most used technique, while further work on other spectroscopic methods, including fluorescence. Raman and NMR is needed. Imaging, miniaturization, and handheld spectroscopic devices are examples of recent research advances. Accessible and even portable spectrometers (e.g., Raman, NIR) are already in use in some applications, while other spectroscopic instruments are still being improved. Development of software tools and packages that allow real-time analysis are among the most promising advances. These types of software have been developed in recent years and have been most useful for expanding the use of hyperspectral imaging, particularly enabling online monitoring.
Despite the desirable features of spectroscopic techniques, there still seems to be a reluctance to adapt these analytical methods industrially, due to several challenges. Many of the applications of spectroscopic techniques are only feasibility studies done at the laboratory scale or with a controlled environment. Some of these challenges are related to the techniques themselves (e.g., high cost, massive data volume), while a high heterogeneity in some food products, such as muscle foods, makes them more difficult to scan. Multiple chemometric modeling methods and variations between the reviewed studies in terms of the number of samples, validation procedures, processing conditions, among others, make it difficult to compare and interpret the results obtained from these studies. Other obstacles are more general and are related to a negative mentality toward new technologies and the lack of academic and applied education and knowledge regarding the use of these techniques. Continuous education, training, and further research could overcome some of these limitations and increase the awareness of the importance of these new technologies, opening doors for further implementation in the industrial environment. Other possibilities include more development of chemometric tools and the use of fusion data that merges the analytical information from several spectroscopic techniques. Recent studies have shown that the models built using data fusion strategies are more robust than those obtained from a single technique.

6. Conclusions

In summary, the application of ‘natural’ approaches to extend the shelf-life of food seems to be an interesting option and is gaining interest. The possibility of applying rapid analytical methods for monitoring quality and detecting changes in food products taking place during processing or preservation has been successfully shown. However, the path for the implementation of new technologies in industrial production systems is not straightforward. Further development and advancements of both preservation strategies and analytical methods are expected in the future, thus encouraging wider industrial applications of natural preservatives and spectroscopic techniques.

Author Contributions

A.H., M.C., M.A.P., J.S.-G., F.Ö., Y.Ö., Ö.E.Ç., M.G., F.J.B., F.J.M.-Q., A.R.J., N.M.-S., J.G.K. and J.M.R. contributed equally to the writing of this manuscript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

The research leading to these results was funded by FEDER under the program Interreg V Spain-Portugal by POPTEC, IBERPHENOL Project (ref. 0377-Iberphenol-6-E) and by MICINN supporting the Ramón & Cajal grant for M.A. Prieto (RYC-2017-22891); by EcoChestnut Project (Erasmus+ KA202) supporting the work of M. Carpena and by Ibero-American Program on Science and Technology (CYTED—AQUA-CIBUS, P317RT0003).

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries, and Aquaculture Research (Nofima) through a Strategic Research Initiative Spectec Project: rapid and non-destructive measurements.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

References

  1. Olatunde, O.O.; Benjakul, S. Natural preservatives for extending the shelf-life of seafood: A revisit. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2018, 17, 1595–1612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  2. Hassoun, A.; Emir Çoban, Ö. Essential oils for antimicrobial and antioxidant applications in fish and other seafood products. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 68, 26–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  3. Yu, D.; Wu, L.; Regenstein, J.M.; Jiang, Q.; Yang, F.; Xu, Y.; Xia, W. Recent advances in quality retention of non-frozen fish and fishery products: A review. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2020, 60, 1747–1759. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  4. Bondi, M.; Lauková, A.; De Niederhausern, S.; Messi, P.; Papadopoulou, C. Natural preservatives to improve food quality and safety. J. Food Qual. 2017, 2017, 1090932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  5. Pan, C.; Chen, S.; Hao, S.; Yang, X. Effect of low-temperature preservation on quality changes in Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei: A review. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2019, 99, 6121–6128. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  6. Sampels, S. The effects of processing technologies and preparation on the final quality of fish products. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 44, 131–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  7. Hassoun, A.; Heia, K.; Lindberg, S.; Nilsen, H. Spectroscopic techniques for monitoring thermal treatments in fish and other seafood: A review of recent developments and applications. Foods 2020, 6, 767. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  8. Aubourg, S.P. Effect of natural preservatives on chemical changes related to quality and shelf life in processed aquatic foods. In Innovative Technologies in Seafood Processing; Özoğul, Y., Ed.; CRC Press; Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2019; pp. 219–241. ISBN 9780815366447. [Google Scholar]
  9. Alahakoon, A.U.; Jayasena, D.D.; Ramachandra, S.; Jo, C. Alternatives to nitrite in processed meat: Up to date. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 45, 37–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  10. Inanli, A.G.; Tümerkan, E.T.A.; Abed, N.E.; Regenstein, J.M.; Özogul, F. The impact of chitosan on seafood quality and human health: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 97, 404–416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  11. Flores, M.; Toldrá, F. Chemistry, safety, and regulatory considerations in the use of nitrite and nitrate from natural origin in meat products. Meat Sci. 2020, 108272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  12. Bouarab Chibane, L.; Degraeve, P.; Ferhout, H.; Bouajila, J.; Oulahal, N. Plant antimicrobial polyphenols as potential natural food preservatives. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2019, 99, 1457–1474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  13. Abel, N.; Rotabakk, B.T.; Lerfall, J. Effect of heat treatment and packaging technology on the microbial load of lightly processed seafood. LWT 2019, 101, 123–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  14. Valenzuela, L.M.; Leyton, A.; Elena, M. Reformulation of preserved fish products. In Trends in Fish Processing Technologies; Daniela, B., Anca, I., Nicolau, P.R., Eds.; CRC Press; Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2018; pp. 135–160. [Google Scholar]
  15. Bar, E.M.S.; Hoel, S.; Lerfall, J. New product development. In Trends in Fish Processing Technologies; Borda, D., Nicolau, A.I., Raspor, P., Eds.; CRC Press; Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2018; pp. 161–170. [Google Scholar]
  16. Mei, J.; Ma, X.; Xie, J. Review on natural preservatives for extending fish shelf life. Foods 2019, 8, 490. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  17. Baptista, R.C.; Horita, C.N.; Sant’Ana, A.S. Natural products with preservative properties for enhancing the microbiological safety and extending the shelf-life of seafood: A review. Food Res. Int. 2020, 127, 108762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  18. Gokoglu, N. Novel natural food preservatives and applications in seafood preservation: A review. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2019, 99, 2068–2077. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  19. Munekata, P.E.S.; Rocchetti, G.; Pateiro, M.; Lucini, L.; Domínguez, R.; Lorenzo, J.M. Addition of plant extracts to meat and meat products to extend shelf-life and health-promoting attributes: An overview. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2020, 31, 81–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  20. Jayasena, D.D.; Jo, C. Potential application of essential oils as natural antioxidants in meat and meat products: A review. Food Rev. Int. 2014, 30, 71–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  21. Ju, J.; Chen, X.; Xie, Y.; Yu, H.; Guo, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Qian, H.; Yao, W. Application of essential oil as a sustained release preparation in food packaging. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2019, 92, 22–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  22. Jayasena, D.D.; Jo, C. Essential oils as potential antimicrobial agents in meat and meat products: A review. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2013, 34, 96–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  23. Falleh, H.; Ben Jemaa, M.; Saada, M.; Ksouri, R. Essential oils: A promising eco-friendly food preservative. Food Chem. 2020, 330, 127268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  24. Chattopadhyay, K.; Xavier, K.A.M.; Balange, A.; Layana, P.; Nayak, B.B. Chitosan gel addition in pre-emulsified fish mince—Effect on quality parameters of sausages under refrigerated storage. LWT 2019, 110, 283–291. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  25. Vieira, B.B.; Mafra, J.F.; da Bispo, A.S.R.; Ferreira, M.A.; de Silva, F.L.; Rodrigues, A.V.N.; Evangelista-Barreto, N.S. Combination of chitosan coating and clove essential oil reduces lipid oxidation and microbial growth in frozen stored tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) fillets. LWT 2019, 116, 108546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  26. Cai, L.; Leng, L.; Cao, A.; Cheng, X.; Li, J. The effect of chitosan-essential oils complex coating on physicochemical, microbiological, and quality change of grass carp (Ctenopharyhgodon idella) fillets. J. Food Saf. 2018, 38, 1–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  27. Ojagh, S.M.; Rezaei, M.; Razavi, S.H.; Hosseini, S.M.H. Effect of chitosan coatings enriched with cinnamon oil on the quality of refrigerated rainbow trout. Food Chem. 2010, 120, 193–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  28. Dehghani, S.; Hosseini, S.V.; Regenstein, J.M. Edible films and coatings in seafood preservation: A review. Food Chem. 2018, 240, 505–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  29. Ahmed, I.; Lin, H.; Zou, L.; Brody, A.L.; Li, Z.; Qazi, I.M.; Pavase, T.R.; Lv, L. A comprehensive review on the application of active packaging technologies to muscle foods. Food Control 2017, 82, 163–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  30. Kapetanakou, A.E.; Skandamis, P.N. Applications of active packaging for increasing microbial stability in foods: Natural volatile antimicrobial compounds. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2016, 12, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  31. Umaraw, P.; Munekata, P.E.S.; Verma, A.K.; Barba, F.J.; Singh, V.P.; Kumar, P.; Lorenzo, J.M. Edible films/coating with tailored properties for active packaging of meat, fish and derived products. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 98, 10–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  32. Nirmal, N.P.; Santivarangkna, C.; Rajput, M.S.; Benjakul, S. Trends in shrimp processing waste utilization: An industrial prospective. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 103, 20–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  33. Pavli, F.G.; Argyri, A.A.; Chorianopoulos, N.G.; Nychas, G.J.E.; Tassou, C.C. Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum L125 strain with probiotic potential on physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial characteristics of dry-fermented sausages. LWT 2020, 118, 108810. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  34. Pavli, F.; Argyri, A.A.; Nychas, G.J.E.; Tassou, C.; Chorianopoulos, N. Use of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy for monitoring the shelf life of ham slices packed with probiotic supplemented edible films after treatment with high pressure processing. Food Res. Int. 2018, 106, 1061–1068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  35. Cozzolino, D. Infrared spectroscopy as a versatile analytical tool for the quantitative determination of antioxidants in agricultural products, foods and plants. Antioxidants 2015, 4, 482–497. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  36. Clemente, I.; Aznar, M.; Salafranca, J.; Nerín, C. Raman spectroscopy, electronic microscopy and SPME-GC-MS to elucidate the mode of action of a new antimicrobial food packaging material. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2017, 409, 1037–1048. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  37. Moudache, M.; Nerín, C.; Colon, M.; Zaidi, F. Antioxidant effect of an innovative active plastic film containing olive leaves extract on fresh pork meat and its evaluation by Raman spectroscopy. Food Chem. 2017, 229, 98–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  38. Li, P.; Zhou, Q.; Chu, Y.; Lan, W.; Mei, J.; Xie, J. Effects of chitosan and sodium alginate active coatings containing ε-polysine on qualities of cultured pufferfish (Takifugu obscurus) during cold storage. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 160, 418–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  39. Wang, J.; Yu, W.; Xie, J. Effect of glazing with different materials on the quality of tuna during frozen storage. Foods 2020, 9, 231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  40. Karoui, R.; Hassoun, A. Efficiency of rosemary and basil essential oils on the shelf-life extension of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) fillets stored at 2 °C. J. AOAC Int. 2017, 100, 335–344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  41. Cropotova, J.; Mozuraityte, R.; Standal, I.B.; Rustad, T. Assessment of lipid oxidation in Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) subjected to different antioxidant and sous-vide cooking treatments by conventional and fluorescence microscopy methods. Food Control 2019, 104, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  42. Xie, W.; Huang, Y.; Xiang, Y.; Xiong, S.; Manyande, A.; Du, H. Insights into the binding mechanism of polyphenols and fish myofibrillar proteins explored using multi-spectroscopic methods. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2020, 13, 797–806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  43. Lopes, T.S.; Fontoura, P.S.; Oliveira, A.; Rizzo, F.A.; Silveira, S.; Streck, A.F. Use of plant extracts and essential oils in the control of bovine mastitis. Res. Vet. Sci. 2020, 131, 186–193. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  44. Nhu, T.Q.; Bich Hang, B.T.; Vinikas, A.; Bach, L.T.; Buu Hue, B.T.; Thanh Huong, D.T.; Quetin-Leclercq, J.; Scippo, M.L.; Phuong, N.T.; Kestemont, P. Screening of immuno-modulatory potential of different herbal plant extracts using striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) leukocyte-based in vitro tests. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2019, 93, 296–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  45. Harhaun, R.; Kunik, O.; Saribekova, D.; Lazzara, G. Biologically active properties of plant extracts in cosmetic emulsions. Microchem. J. 2020, 154, 104543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  46. Dima, C.; Dima, S. Essential oils in foods: Extraction, stabilization, and toxicity. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2015, 5, 29–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  47. Dhifi, W.; Bellili, S.; Jazi, S.; Bahloul, N.; Mnif, W. Essential oils’ chemical characterization and investigation of some biological activities: A critical review. Medicines 2016, 3, 25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  48. Schmidt, E. Production of essential oils. In Handbook of Essential Oils: Science, Technology and Applications; Can Başer, K.H., Buchbauer, G., Eds.; Taylor & Francis Group: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2015; pp. 83–120. ISBN 9781466590472. [Google Scholar]
  49. Görgüç, A.; Gençdağ, E.; Yılmaz, F.M. Bioactive peptides derived from plant origin by-products: Biological activities and techno-functional utilizations in food developments—A review. Food Res. Int. 2020, 136, 109504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  50. Tlili, N.; Sarikurkcu, C. Bioactive compounds profile, enzyme inhibitory and antioxidant activities of water extracts from five selected medicinal plants. Ind. Crops Prod. 2020, 151, 112448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  51. Ben Jemaa, M.; Falleh, H.; Neves, M.A.; Isoda, H.; Nakajima, M.; Ksouri, R. Quality preservation of deliberately contaminated milk using thyme free and nanoemulsified essential oils. Food Chem. 2017, 217, 726–734. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  52. Falleh, H.; Ben Jemaa, M.; Djebali, K.; Abid, S.; Saada, M.; Ksouri, R. Application of the mixture design for optimum antimicrobial activity: Combined treatment of Syzygium aromaticum, Cinnamomum zeylanicum, Myrtus communis, and Lavandula stoechas essential oils against Escherichia coli. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2019, 43, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  53. Kedia, A.; Prakash, B.; Mishra, P.K.; Dwivedy, A.K.; Dubey, N.K. Trachyspermum ammi L. essential oil as plant based preservative in food system. Ind. Crops Prod. 2015, 69, 104–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  54. Dwivedy, A.K.; Prakash, B.; Chanotiya, C.S.; Bisht, D.; Dubey, N.K. Chemically characterized Mentha cardiaca L. essential oil as plant based preservative in view of efficacy against biodeteriorating fungi of dry fruits, aflatoxin secretion, lipid peroxidation and safety profile assessment. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2017, 106, 175–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  55. Ozogul, Y.; Yuvka, İ.; Ucar, Y.; Durmus, M.; Kösker, A.R.; Öz, M.; Ozogul, F. Evaluation of effects of nanoemulsion based on herb essential oils (rosemary, laurel, thyme and sage) on sensory, chemical and microbiological quality of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets during ice storage. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 75, 677–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  56. Alparslan, Y.; Yapici, H.H.; Metin, C.; Baygar, T.; Günlü, A.; Baygar, T. Quality assessment of shrimps preserved with orange leaf essential oil incorporated gelatin. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 72, 457–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  57. Ehsani, A.; Hashemi, M.; Naghibi, S.S.; Mohammadi, S.; Khalili Sadaghiani, S. Properties of Bunium Persicum essential oil and its application in Iranian white cheese against Listeria Monocytogenes and Escherichia Coli O157:H7. J. Food Saf. 2016, 36, 563–570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  58. De Carvalho, R.J.; de Souza, G.T.; Honório, V.G.; de Sousa, J.P.; da Conceição, M.L.; Maganani, M.; de Souza, E.L. Comparative inhibitory effects of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and mesophilic starter co-culture in cheese-mimicking models. Food Microbiol. 2015, 52, 59–65. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  59. Es’haghi Gorji, M.; Noori, N.; Nabizadeh Nodehi, R.; Jahed Khaniki, G.; Rastkari, N.; Alimohammadi, M. The evaluation of Zataria multiflora Boiss: Essential oil effect on biogenic amines formation and microbiological profile in Gouda cheese. Lett. Appl. Microbiol. 2014, 59, 621–630. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  60. Bhargava, K.; Conti, D.S.; da Rocha, S.R.P.; Zhang, Y. Application of an oregano oil nanoemulsion to the control of foodborne bacteria on fresh lettuce. Food Microbiol. 2015, 47, 69–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  61. De Carvalho, F.A.L.; Lorenzo, J.M.; Pateiro, M.; Bermúdez, R.; Purriños, L.; Trindade, M.A. Effect of guarana (Paullinia cupana) seed and pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.) leaf extracts on lamb burgers with fat replacement by chia oil emulsion during shelf life storage at 2 °C. Food Res. Int. 2019, 125, 108554. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  62. Jayawardana, B.C.; Warnasooriya, V.B.; Thotawattage, G.H.; Dharmasena, V.A.K.I.; Liyanage, R. Black and green tea (Camellia sinensis L.) extracts as natural antioxidants in uncured pork sausages. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2019, 43, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  63. Ju, J.; Xu, X.; Xie, Y.; Guo, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Qian, H.; Yao, W. Inhibitory effects of cinnamon and clove essential oils on mold growth on baked foods. Food Chem. 2018, 240, 850–855. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  64. Koné, A.P.; Desjardins, Y.; Gosselin, A.; Cinq-Mars, D.; Guay, F.; Saucier, L. Plant extracts and essential oil product as feed additives to control rabbit meat microbial quality. Meat Sci. 2019, 150, 111–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  65. Đurović, S.; Vujanović, M.; Radojković, M.; Filipović, J.; Filipović, V.; Gašić, U.; Tešić, Ž.; Mašković, P.; Zeković, Z. The functional food production: Application of stinging nettle leaves and its extracts in the baking of a bread. Food Chem. 2020, 312, 126091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  66. Difonzo, G.; Pasqualone, A.; Silletti, R.; Cosmai, L.; Summo, C.; Paradiso, V.M.; Caponio, F. Use of olive leaf extract to reduce lipid oxidation of baked snacks. Food Res. Int. 2018, 108, 48–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  67. Bouarab-Chibane, L.; Forquet, V.; Lantéri, P.; Clément, Y.; Léonard-Akkari, L.; Oulahal, N.; Degraeve, P.; Bordes, C. Antibacterial properties of polyphenols: Characterization and QSAR (Quantitative structure-activity relationship) models. Front. Microbiol. 2019, 10, 829. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  68. Olszewska, M.A.; Gędas, A.; Simões, M. Antimicrobial polyphenol-rich extracts: Applications and limitations in the food industry. Food Res. Int. 2020, 134, 109214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  69. Kumar, Y.; Yadav, D.N.; Ahmad, T.; Narsaiah, K. Recent trends in the use of natural antioxidants for meat and meat products. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2015, 14, 796–812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  70. Kuorwel, K.K.; Cran, M.J.; Sonneveld, K.; Miltz, J.; Bigger, S.W. Essential oils and their principal constituents as antimicrobial agents for synthetic packaging films. J. Food Sci. 2011, 76, 164–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  71. Mohamed, S.A.A.; El-Sakhawy, M.; El-Sakhawy, M.A.M. Polysaccharides, protein and lipid -based natural edible films in food packaging: A Review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2020, 238, 116178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  72. Suhag, R.; Kumar, N.; Petkoska, A.T.; Upadhyay, A. Film formation and deposition methods of edible coating on food products: A. Food Res. Int. 2020, 136, 109582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  73. Otoni, C.G.; Avena-Bustillos, R.J.; Azeredo, H.M.C.; Lorevice, M.V.; Moura, M.R.; Mattoso, L.H.C.; McHugh, T.H. Recent Advances on edible films based on fruits and vegetables—A Review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2017, 16, 1151–1169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  74. Boarca, B.; Lungu, I.; Holban, A.M. Bioactive packaging for modern beverage industry. In Trends in Beverage Packaging; Grumezescu, A.M., Holban, A.M., Eds.; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2019; pp. 51–71. ISBN 9780128166833. [Google Scholar]
  75. Umaraw, P.; Verma, A.K. Comprehensive review on application of edible film on meat and meat products: An eco-friendly approach. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2017, 57, 1270–1279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  76. Hassan, B.; Chatha, S.A.S.; Hussain, A.I.; Zia, K.M.; Akhtar, N. Recent advances on polysaccharides, lipids and protein based edible films and coatings: A review. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 109, 1095–1107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  77. Leceta, I.; Molinaro, S.; Guerrero, P.; Kerry, J.P.; De la Caba, K. Quality attributes of map packaged ready-to-eat baby carrots by using chitosan-based coatings. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2015, 100, 142–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  78. Sabaghi, M.; Maghsoudlou, Y.; Khomeiri, M.; Ziaiifar, A.M. Active edible coating from chitosan incorporating green tea extract as an antioxidant and antifungal on fresh walnut kernel. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2015, 110, 224–228. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  79. Cardoso, G.P.; Dutra, M.P.; Fontes, P.R.; de Ramos, A.L.S.; de Gomide, L.A.M.; Ramos, E.M. Selection of a chitosan gelatin-based edible coating for color preservation of beef in retail display. Meat Sci. 2016, 114, 85–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  80. Farajzadeh, F.; Motamedzadegan, A.; Shahidi, S.A.; Hamzeh, S. The effect of chitosan-gelatin coating on the quality of shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) under refrigerated condition. Food Control 2016, 67, 163–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  81. Frazão, G.G.S.; Blank, A.F.; de Aquino Santana, L.C.L. Optimisation of edible chitosan coatings formulations incorporating Myrcia ovata Cambessedes essential oil with antimicrobial potential against foodborne bacteria and natural microflora of mangaba fruits. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 79, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  82. Yuan, G.; Lv, H.; Tang, W.; Zhang, X.; Sun, H. Effect of chitosan coating combined with pomegranate peel extract on the quality of Pacific white shrimp during iced storage. Food Control 2016, 59, 818–823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  83. Di Pierro, P.; Sorrentino, A.; Mariniello, L.; Giosafatto, C.V.L.; Porta, R. Chitosan/whey protein film as active coating to extend Ricotta cheese shelf-life. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2011, 44, 2324–2327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  84. Oh, Y.A.; Oh, Y.J.; Song, A.Y.; Won, J.S.; Song, K.B.; Min, S.C. Comparison of effectiveness of edible coatings using emulsions containing lemongrass oil of different size droplets on grape berry safety and preservation. LWT 2017, 75, 742–750. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  85. Lekjing, S. A chitosan-based coating with or without clove oil extends the shelf life of cooked pork sausages in refrigerated storage. Meat Sci. 2016, 111, 192–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  86. Wu, C.; Li, Y.; Wang, L.; Hu, Y.; Chen, J.; Liu, D.; Ye, X. Efficacy of chitosan-gallic acid coating on shelf life extension of refrigerated Pacific mackerel fillets. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2016, 9, 675–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  87. García, M.A.; Ferrero, C.; Bértola, N.; Martino, M.; Zaritzky, N. Edible coatings from cellulose derivatives to reduce oil uptake in fried products. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2002, 3, 391–397. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  88. Suppakul, P.; Jutakorn, K.; Bangchokedee, Y. Efficacy of cellulose-based coating on enhancing the shelf life of fresh eggs. J. Food Eng. 2010, 98, 207–213. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  89. Arnon, H.; Granit, R.; Porat, R.; Poverenov, E. Development of polysaccharides-based edible coatings for citrus fruits: A layer-by-layer approach. Food Chem. 2015, 166, 465–472. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  90. Genevois, C.E.; De Escalada Pla, M.F.; Flores, S.K. Application of edible coatings to improve global quality of fortified pumpkin. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2016, 33, 506–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  91. Viña, S.Z.; Mugridge, A.; García, M.A.; Ferreyra, R.M.; Martino, M.N.; Chaves, A.R.; Zaritzky, N.E. Effects of polyvinylchloride films and edible starch coatings on quality aspects of refrigerated Brussels sprouts. Food Chem. 2007, 103, 701–709. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  92. Fakhouri, F.M.; Martelli, S.M.; Caon, T.; Velasco, J.I.; Mei, L.H.I. Edible films and coatings based on starch/gelatin: Film properties and effect of coatings on quality of refrigerated Red Crimson grapes. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2015, 109, 57–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  93. Ranjitha, K.; Sudhakar Rao, D.V.; Shivashankara, K.S.; Oberoi, H.S.; Roy, T.K.; Bharathamma, H. Shelf-life extension and quality retention in fresh-cut carrots coated with pectin. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2017, 42, 91–100. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  94. Kang, H.J.; Jo, C.; Kwon, J.H.; Kim, J.H.; Chung, H.J.; Byun, M.W. Effect of a pectin-based edible coating containing green tea powder on the quality of irradiated pork patty. Food Control 2007, 18, 430–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  95. Xiong, Y.; Li, S.; Warner, R.D.; Fang, Z. Effect of oregano essential oil and resveratrol nanoemulsion loaded pectin edible coating on the preservation of pork loin in modified atmosphere packaging. Food Control 2020, 114, 107226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  96. Wang, L.F.; Rhim, J.W. Preparation and application of agar/alginate/collagen ternary blend functional food packaging films. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2015, 80, 460–468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  97. Guerreiro, A.C.; Gago, C.M.L.; Faleiro, M.L.; Miguel, M.G.C.; Antunes, M.D.C. The effect of edible coatings on the nutritional quality of ‘Bravo de Esmolfe’ fresh-cut apple through shelf-life. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 75, 210–219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  98. Guerreiro, A.C.; Gago, C.M.L.; Faleiro, M.L.; Miguel, M.G.C.; Antunes, M.D.C. The effect of alginate-based edible coatings enriched with essential oils constituents on Arbutus unedo L. fresh fruit storage. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 2015, 100, 226–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  99. Ruan, C.; Zhang, Y.; Sun, Y.; Gao, X.; Xiong, G.; Liang, J. Effect of sodium alginate and carboxymethyl cellulose edible coating with epigallocatechin gallate on quality and shelf life of fresh pork. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2019, 141, 178–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  100. Wu, S.; Chen, J. Using pullulan-based edible coatings to extend shelf-life of fresh-cut “Fuji” apples. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2013, 55, 254–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  101. Sharma, S.; Rao, T.V.R. Xanthan gum based edible coating enriched with cinnamic acid prevents browning and extends the shelf-life of fresh-cut pears. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 62, 791–800. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  102. Feng, X.; Ng, V.K.; Mikš-Krajnik, M.; Yang, H. Effects of fish gelatin and tea polyphenol coating on the spoilage and degradation of myofibril in fish fillet during cold storage. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2017, 10, 89–102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  103. Feng, X.; Bansal, N.; Yang, H. Fish gelatin combined with chitosan coating inhibits myofibril degradation of golden pomfret (Trachinotus blochii) fillet during cold storage. Food Chem. 2016, 200, 283–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  104. Hosseini, S.F.; Rezaei, M.; Zandi, M.; Ghavi, F.F. Effect of fish gelatin coating enriched with oregano essential oil on the quality of refrigerated rainbow trout fillet. J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. 2016, 25, 835–842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  105. Azarifar, M.; Ghanbarzadeh, B.; Sowti khiabani, M.; Akhondzadeh Basti, A.; Abdulkhani, A. The effects of gelatin-CMC films incorporated with chitin nanofiber and Trachyspermum ammi essential oil on the shelf life characteristics of refrigerated raw beef. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  106. Rodriguez-Turienzo, L.; Cobos, A.; Diaz, O. Effects of edible coatings based on ultrasound-treated whey proteins in quality attributes of frozen Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 2012, 14, 92–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  107. Fernández-Pan, I.; Carrión-Granda, X.; Maté, J.I. Antimicrobial efficiency of edible coatings on the preservation of chicken breast fillets. Food Control 2014, 36, 69–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  108. Shokri, S.; Ehsani, A. Efficacy of whey protein coating incorporated with lactoperoxidase and α-tocopherol in shelf life extension of Pike-Perch fillets during refrigeration. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 85, 225–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  109. Oregel-Zamudio, E.; Angoa-Pérez, M.V.; Oyoque-Salcedo, G.; Aguilar-González, C.N.; Mena-Violante, H.G. Effect of candelilla wax edible coatings combined with biocontrol bacteria on strawberry quality during the shelf-life. Sci. Hortic. 2017, 214, 273–279. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  110. Saucedo-Pompa, S.; Rojas-Molina, R.; Aguilera-Carbó, A.F.; Saenz-Galindo, A.; de La Garza, H.; Jasso-Cantú, D.; Aguilar, C.N. Edible film based on candelilla wax to improve the shelf life and quality of avocado. Food Res. Int. 2009, 42, 511–515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  111. Chiumarelli, M.; Hubinger, M.D. Stability, solubility, mechanical and barrier properties of cassava starch—Carnauba wax edible coatings to preserve fresh-cut apples. Food Hydrocoll. 2012, 28, 59–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  112. Chauhan, O.P.; Nanjappa, C.; Ashok, N.; Ravi, N.; Roopa, N.; Raju, P.S. Shellac and Aloe vera gel based surface coating for shelf life extension of tomatoes. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2013, 52, 1200–1205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  113. Ahmad, V.; Khan, M.S.; Jamal, Q.M.S.; Alzohairy, M.A.; Al Karaawi, M.A.; Siddiqui, M.U. Antimicrobial potential of bacteriocins: In therapy, agriculture and food preservation. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 2017, 49, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  114. Balciunas, E.M.; Castillo Martinez, F.A.; Todorov, S.D.; de Franco, B.D.G.M.; Converti, A.; de Oliveira, R.P.S. Novel biotechnological applications of bacteriocins: A review. Food Control 2013, 32, 134–142. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  115. Juturu, V.; Wu, J.C. Microbial production of bacteriocins: Latest research development and applications. Biotechnol. Adv. 2018, 36, 2187–2200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  116. O’Connor, P.M.; Kuniyoshi, T.M.; Oliveira, R.P.; Hill, C.; Ross, R.P.; Cotter, P.D. Antimicrobials for food and feed; a bacteriocin perspective. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 2020, 61, 160–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  117. Radaic, A.; de Jesus, M.B.; Kapila, Y.L. Bacterial anti-microbial peptides and nano-sized drug delivery systems: The state of the art toward improved bacteriocins. J. Control. Release 2020, 321, 100–118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  118. Bagde, P.; Nadanathangam, V. Mechanical, antibacterial and biodegradable properties of starch film containing bacteriocin immobilized crystalline nanocellulose. Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 222, 115021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  119. Iseppi, R.; Camellini, S.; Sabia, C.; Messi, P. Combined antimicrobial use of essential oils and bacteriocin bacLP17 as seafood biopreservative to control Listeria monocytogenes both in planktonic and in sessile forms. Res. Microbiol. 2020. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  120. Mathur, H.; Field, D.; Rea, M.C.; Cotter, P.D.; Hill, C.; Ross, R.P. Bacteriocin-antimicrobial synergy: A medical and food perspective. Front. Microbiol. 2017, 8, 1205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
  121. Field, D.; Ross, R.P.; Hill, C. Developing bacteriocins of lactic acid bacteria into next generation biopreservatives. Curr. Opin. Food Sci. 2018, 20, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  122. Ananou, S.; Zentar, H.; Martínez-Bueno, M.; Gálvez, A.; Maqueda, M.; Valdivia, E. The impact of enterocin AS-48 on the shelf-life and safety of sardines (Sardina pilchardus) under different storage conditions. Food Microbiol. 2014, 44, 185–195. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  123. Sofra, C.; Tsironi, T.; Taoukis, P.S. Modeling the effect of pre-treatment with nisin enriched osmotic solution on the shelf life of chilled vacuum packed tuna. J. Food Eng. 2018, 216, 125–131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  124. Liu, Q.; Zhang, M.; Bhandari, B.; Xu, J.; Yang, C. Effects of nanoemulsion-based active coatings with composite mixture of star anise essential oil, polylysine, and nisin on the quality and shelf life of ready-to-eat Yao meat products. Food Control 2020, 107, 106771. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  125. Koné, A.P.; Zea, J.M.V.; Gagné, D.; Cinq-Mars, D.; Guay, F.; Saucier, L. Application of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum as a feed additive for weaned rabbits to improve meat microbial quality and safety. Meat Sci. 2018, 135, 174–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  126. Zohri, M.; Shafiee Alavidjeh, M.; Mirdamadi, S.S.; Behmadi, H.; Hossaini Nasr, S.M.; Eshghi Gonbaki, S.; Shafiee Ardestani, M.; Jabbari Arabzadeh, A. Nisin-loaded chitosan/alginate nanoparticles: A hopeful hybrid biopreservative. J. Food Saf. 2013, 33, 40–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  127. Cotter, P.D.; Hill, C.; Ross, P.R. Bacteriocins: Developing innate immunity for food. Nat. Rev. Microbiol. 2005, 3, 777–788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  128. Nigam, A.; Gupta, D.; Sharma, A. Treatment of infectious disease: Beyond antibiotics. Microbiol. Res. 2014, 169, 643–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  129. Crist, C.A.; Williams, J.B.; Schilling, M.W.; Hood, A.F.; Smith, B.S.; Campano, S.G. Impact of sodium lactate and vinegar derivatives on the quality of fresh Italian pork sausage links. Meat Sci. 2014, 96, 1509–1516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  130. McDermott, A.; Whyte, P.; Brunton, N.; Lyng, J.; Fagan, J.; Bolton, D.J. The effect of organic acid and sodium chloride dips on the shelf-life of refrigerated Irish brown crab (Cancer pagurus) meat. LWT 2018, 98, 141–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  131. Sun, X.; Hong, H.; Jia, S.; Liu, Y.; Luo, Y. Effects of phytic acid and lysozyme on microbial composition and quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets stored at 4 °C. Food Microbiol. 2020, 86, 103313. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  132. Pattarasiriroj, K.; Kaewprachu, P.; Rawdkuen, S. Properties of rice flour-gelatine-nanoclay film with catechin-lysozyme and its use for pork belly wrapping. Food Hydrocoll. 2020, 107, 105951. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  133. Kaewprachu, P.; Osako, K.; Benjakul, S.; Rawdkuen, S. Quality attributes of minced pork wrapped with catechin-lysozyme incorporated gelatin film. Food Packag. Shelf Life 2015, 3, 88–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  134. Shokri, S.; Ehsani, A.; Jasour, M.S. Efficacy of lactoperoxidase system-whey protein coating on shelf-life extension of rainbow trout fillets during cold storage (4 °C). Food Bioprocess Technol. 2015, 8, 54–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  135. Çoban, M.Z.; Çoban, Ö.E.; Fadiloğlu, E.E.; Çoban, M.Z. Microbiological and physicochemical quality of carp sausage enriched with propolis natural extract during chilled storage microbiological and physicochemical quality of carp sausage. J. Aquat. Food Prod. Technol. 2019, 28, 960–966. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  136. Khodanazary, A. Quality characteristics of refrigerated mackerel Scomberomorus commerson using gelatin-polycaprolactone composite film incorporated with lysozyme and pomegranate peel extract. Int. J. Food Prop. 2019, 22, 2057–2071. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  137. Arulkumar, A.; Swain, B.; Paramasivam, S. Shelf life extension of sardines (Sardinella albella) using betel leaf (Piper betle) incorporated ice. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2020, 13, 1255–1260. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  138. Cao, J.; Wang, Q.; Ma, T.; Bao, K.; Yu, X.; Duan, Z.; Shen, X. Effect of EGCG-gelatin biofilm on the quality and microbial composition of tilapia fillets during chilled storage. Food Chem. 2020, 305, 125454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  139. Burt, S. Essential oils: Their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—A review. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2004, 94, 223–253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  140. Zhang, J.; Wang, Y.; Pan, D.D.; Cao, J.X.; Shao, X.F.; Chen, Y.J.; Sun, Y.Y.; Ou, C.R. Effect of black pepper essential oil on the quality of fresh pork during storage. Meat Sci. 2016, 117, 130–136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  141. Lahmar, A.; Morcuende, D.; Andrade, M.J.; Chekir-Ghedira, L.; Estévez, M. Prolonging shelf life of lamb cutlets packed under high-oxygen modified atmosphere by spraying essential oils from North-African plants. Meat Sci. 2018, 139, 56–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  142. Chiralt, A.; Atares, L. Essential oils as additives in biodegradable films and coatings for active food packaging. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2016, 48, 51–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  143. Ribeiro-Santos, R.; Andrade, M.; de Melo, N.R.; Sanches-Silva, A. Use of essential oils in active food packaging: Recent advances and future trends. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 61, 132–140. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  144. Fadıloğlu, E.E.; Çoban, Ö.E. Effects of chitosan edible coatings enriched with sumac on the quality and the shelf life of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum, 1792) fillets. J. Food Saf. 2018, 38, e12545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  145. Cilli, L.P.; Contini, L.R.F.; Sinnecker, P.; Lopes, P.S.; Andreo, M.A.; Neiva, C.R.P.; Nascimento, M.S.; Yoshida, C.M.P.; Venturini, A.C. Effects of grape pomace flour on quality parameters of salmon burger. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2020, 44, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  146. He, Q.; Gong, B.; He, J.; Xiao, K. A novel superchilling storage-ice glazing (SS-IG) approach using anti-oxidative and antimicrobial essential oil (EO) for freshness-keeping of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquaculture 2019, 500, 243–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  147. Spence, C. Multisensory flavour perception. In Flavour: From Food to Perception; Guichard, E., Salles, C., Morzel, M., Le Bon, A., Eds.; John Wiley & Sons Inc.: Chichester, UK, 2017; pp. 373–394. ISBN 9781118929384. [Google Scholar]
  148. Alizadeh-Sani, M.; Mohammadian, E.; McClements, D.J. Eco-friendly active packaging consisting of nanostructured biopolymer matrix reinforced with TiO2 and essential oil: Application for preservation of refrigerated meat. Food Chem. 2020, 322, 126782. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  149. Chuesiang, P.; Sanguandeekul, R.; Siripatrawan, U. Phase inversion temperature-fabricated cinnamon oil nanoemulsion as a natural preservative for prolonging shelf-life of chilled Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) fillets. LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 125, 109122. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  150. He, Q.; Xiao, K. The effects of tangerine peel (Citri reticulatae pericarpium) essential oils as glazing layer on freshness preservation of bream (Megalobrama amblycephala) during superchilling storage. Food Control 2016, 69, 339–345. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  151. Ozogul, F.; Oztekin, R.; Kulawik, P. Biogenic amine formation and microbiological quality of anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) treated with lavender and lemon balm ethanol extracts. J. Food Sci. 2017, 82, 1278–1284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  152. Huang, Z.; Liu, X.; Jia, S.; Zhang, L.; Luo, Y. The effect of essential oils on microbial composition and quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets during chilled storage. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 2018, 266, 52–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  153. Özyurt, G.; Kuley, E.; Balikçi, E. Effect of the Icing with rosemary extract on the oxidative stability and biogenic amine formation in sardine (Sardinella aurita) During chilled storage. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2012, 5, 2777–2786. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  154. Bensid, A.; Ucar, Y.; Bendeddouche, B.; Özogul, F. Effect of the icing with thyme, oregano and clove extracts on quality parameters of gutted and beheaded anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus) during chilled storage. Food Chem. 2014, 145, 681–686. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  155. Yavuzer, E.; Özogul, F.; Özogul, Y. Impact of icing with potato, sweet potato, sugar beet, and red beet peel extract on the sensory, chemical, and microbiological changes of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillets stored at (3 ± 1 °C). Aquac. Int. 2020, 28, 187–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  156. Li, Y.; Zhuang, S.; Liu, Y.; Zhang, L.; Liu, X.; Cheng, H.; Liu, J. E ff ect of grape seed extract on quality and microbiota community of container-cultured snakehead (Channa argus) fillets during chilled storage. J. Food Microbiol. 2020, 91, 103492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  157. Ozogul, I.; Polat, A.; Ozogul, Y.; Boga, E.K.; Ozogul, F.; Ayas, D. Effects of laurel and myrtle extracts on the sensory, chemical and microbiological properties of vacuum-packed and refrigerated European eel (Anguilla anguilla) fillets. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2014, 49, 847–853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  158. Lahreche, T.; Uçar, Y.; Kosker, A.R.; Hamdi, T.; Ozogul, F. Combined impacts of oregano extract and vacuum packaging on the quality changes of frigate tuna muscles stored at 3 ± 1 °C. Vet. World 2019, 12, 155–164. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  159. Fang, S.; Zhou, Q.; Hu, Y.; Liu, F.; Mei, J.; Xie, J. Antimicrobial carvacrol incorporated in flaxseed gum-sodium alginate active films to improve the quality attributes of Chinese sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) during cold storage. Molecules 2019, 24, 3292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  160. Grande-tovar, C.D.; Chaves-lopez, C.; Serio, A.; Rossi, C. Chitosan coatings enriched with essential oils: Effects on fungi involved in fruit decay and mechanisms of action. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 78, 61–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  161. Junca, M.A.V.; Valencia, C.; López, E.F.; Delgado-Ospina, J.; Zapata, P.A.; Solano, M.; Grande Tovar, C.D. Chitosan beads incorporated with essential oil of Thymus capitatus: Stability studies on red Tilapia fillets. Biomolecules 2019, 9, 458. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  162. Mohammad, S.; Noori, A.; Khanzadi, S.; Fazlara, A.; Najafzadehvarzi, H. Effect of lactic acid and ajwain (Carum copticum) on the biogenic amines and quality of refrigerated common carp (Cyprinus carpio). LWT Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 97, 434–439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  163. Hosseini, S.V.; Hamzeh, A.; Moslemi, M.; Lashkan, A.B.; Iglesias, A.; Feás, X. Effect of Delayed icing on biogenic amines formation and bacterial contribution of iced common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Molecules 2013, 18, 15464–15473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  164. Cai, L.; Cao, A.; Li, T.; Wu, X.; Xu, Y.; Li, J. Effect of the fumigating with essential oils on the microbiological characteristics and quality changes of refrigerated turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) Fillets. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2015, 8, 844–853. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  165. Gao, M.; Feng, L.; Jiang, T.; Zhu, J.; Fu, L.; Yuan, D.; Li, J. The use of rosemary extract in combination with nisin to extend the shelf life of pompano (Trachinotus ovatus) fillet during chilled storage. Food Control 2014, 37, 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  166. Cao, Q.; Du, H.; Huang, Y.; Hu, Y.; You, J.; Liu, R.; Xiong, S.; Manyande, A. The inhibitory effect of chlorogenic acid on lipid oxidation of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) during chilled storage. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2019, 12, 2050–2061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  167. Nie, X.; Wang, L.; Wang, Q.; Lei, J.; Hong, W.; Huang, B.; Zhang, C. Effect of a sodium alginate coating infused with tea polyphenols on the quality of fresh Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicas) Fillets. J. Food Sci. 2018, 83, 1695–1700. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  168. Zhang, Z.; Xia, G.; Yang, Q.; Fan, X.; Lyu, S. Effects of chitosan-based coatings on storage quality of Chinese shrimp. Food Sci. Nutr. 2019, 7, 4085–4094. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  169. Fan, W.; Sun, J.; Chen, Y.; Qiu, J.; Zhang, Y.; Chi, Y. Effects of chitosan coating on quality and shelf life of silver carp during frozen storage. Food Chem. 2009, 115, 66–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  170. Dong, Z.; Luo, C.; Guo, Y.; Ahmed, I.; Pavase, T.R.; Lv, L.; Li, Z.; Lin, H. Characterization of new active packaging based on PP/LDPE composite films containing attapulgite loaded with Allium sativum essence oil and its application for large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea) fillets. Food Packag. Shelf Life 2019, 20, 100320. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  171. Huang, Z.; Liu, X.; Jia, S.; Luo, Y. Antimicrobial effects of cinnamon bark oil on microbial composition and quality of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) fillets during chilled storage. Food Control 2017, 82, 316–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  172. Chen, Y.-N.; Sun, D.-W.; Cheng, J.-H.; Gao, W.-H. Recent advances for rapid identification of chemical information of muscle foods by hyperspectral imaging analysis. Food Eng. Rev. 2016, 8, 336–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  173. He, H.-J.; Sun, D.-W. Microbial evaluation of raw and processed food products by visible/infrared, Raman and fluorescence spectroscopy. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2015, 46, 199–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  174. Nawrocka, A.; Lamorska, J. Determination of food quality by using spectroscopic methods. In Advances in Agrophysical Research; Grundas, S., Stępniewski, A., Eds.; IntechOpen: Rijeka, Croatia, 2013; pp. 347–367. [Google Scholar]
  175. Sikorska, E.; Khmelinskii, I.; Sikorski, M. Fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging instruments for food quality evaluation. Eval. Technol. Food Qual. 2019, 491–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  176. Albani, J.R. Principles and Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy; Blackwell Publishing: Oxford, UK, 2007; ISBN 9780470692059. [Google Scholar]
  177. Su, W.H.; Sun, D.W. Mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy for quality analysis of liquid foods. Food Eng. Rev. 2019, 11, 142–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  178. Sun, D.-W. Infrared Spectroscopy for Food Quality Analysis and Control; Academic Press: New York, NY, USA, 2009; ISBN 9780123741363. [Google Scholar]
  179. Bellamy, L. The Infrared Spectra of Complex Molecules, 3rd ed.; Chapman and Hall Ltd.: London, UK, 1975; ISBN 978-94-011-6017-9. [Google Scholar]
  180. Su, W.-H.; Sun, D.-W. Fourier transform infrared and Raman and hyperspectral imaging techniques for quality determinations of powdery foods: A review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2017, 17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  181. Pavli, F.; Argyri, A.A.; Skandamis, P.; Nychas, G.J.; Tassou, C.; Chorianopoulos, N. Antimicrobial activity of oregano essential oil incorporated in sodium alginate edible films: Control of Listeria monocytogenes and spoilage in ham slices treated with high pressure processing. Materials 2019, 12, 3726. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  182. Ammor, M.S.; Argyri, A.; Nychas, G.J.E. Rapid monitoring of the spoilage of minced beef stored under conventionally and active packaging conditions using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in tandem with chemometrics. Meat Sci. 2009, 81, 507–514. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  183. Zhang, Z. Raman spectroscopic sensing in food safety and quality analysis. In Sensing Techniques for Food Safety and Quality Control; Lu, X., Ed.; RSC: London, UK, 2017; pp. 2–16. [Google Scholar]
  184. Sueters-Di Meo, J.; Liv, N.; Hoogenboom, J.P. Using Advanced Correlative Microscopy to Study Complex Biological Samples. Biomol. Anal. 2016. ISBN 9780470027318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  185. Power, A.C.; Chapman, J.; Chandra, S.; Cozzolino, D. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy for food quality analysis. In Evaluation Technologies for Food Quality; Zhong, J., Wang, X., Eds.; Woodhead Publishing: Duxford, UK, 2019; pp. 91–104. [Google Scholar]
  186. Albani, J.R. AFluorescence spectroscopy in food analysis. In Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry; Meyers, R.A., Ed.; John Wiley and Sons: New York, NY, USA, 2012; p. 32. [Google Scholar]
  187. Zhang, L.; Li, Q.; Hong, H.; Luo, Y. Prevention of protein oxidation and enhancement of gel properties of silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) surimi by addition of protein hydrolysates derived from surimi processing by-products. Food Chem. 2020, 316, 126343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  188. Spyros, A.; Dais, P. NMR Spectroscopy in Food Analysis; RSC: London, UK, 2012; ISBN 9781849731751. [Google Scholar]
  189. Ezeanaka, M.C.; Nsor-Atindana, J.; Zhang, M. Online low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for food quality optimization in food processing. Food Bioprocess Technol. 2019, 12, 1435–1451. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  190. Belton, P.S. New methods for monitoring changes in proteins. Food Rev. Int. 1993, 9, 551–573. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  191. Amigo, J.M.; Babamoradi, H.; Elcoroaristizabal, S. Hyperspectral image analysis. A tutorial. Anal. Chim. Acta 2015, 896, 34–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  192. Sharma, P.; Singh, R.P. Evaluation of antioxidant activity in foods with special reference to TEAC method. Am. J. Food Technol. 2013, 8, 83–101. [Google Scholar]
  193. Schaich, K.M.; Tian, X.; Xie, J. Hurdles and pitfalls in measuring antioxidant efficacy: A critical evaluation of ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC assays. J. Funct. Foods 2015, 14, 111–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  194. Brodowska, M.; Guzek, D.; Godziszewska, J.; Górska-Horczyczak, E.; Pogorzelska, E.; Sakowska, A.; Wojtasik-Kalinowska, I.; Gantner, M.; Wierzbicka, A. Cherry (Prunus cerasus cv Montmorency) extract with standardised antioxidant potential as preservative for refrigerated storage of ground pork. Int. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2017, 52, 2555–2563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  195. Pasukamonset, P.; Kwon, O.; Adisakwattana, S. Oxidative stability of cooked pork patties incorporated with Clitoria ternatea extract (Blue Pea Flower Petal) during refrigerated storage. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2017, 41, e12751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  196. Lorenzo, J.M.; Vargas, F.C.; Strozzi, I.; Pateiro, M.; Furtado, M.M.; Sant’Ana, A.S.; Rocchetti, G.; Barba, F.J.; Dominguez, R.; Lucini, L.; et al. Influence of pitanga leaf extracts on lipid and protein oxidation of pork burger during shelf-life. Food Res. Int. 2018, 114, 47–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  197. Al-Juhaimi, F.Y.; Almusallam, I.A.; Mohamed Ahmed, I.A.; Ghafoor, K.; Babiker, E.E. Potential of Acacia nilotica fruit flesh extract as an anti-oxidative and anti-microbial agent in beef burger. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2020, 44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  198. Grotta, L.; Castellani, F.; Palazzo, F.; Naceur Haouet, M.; Martino, G. Treatment optimisation and sample preparation for the evaluation of lipid oxidation in various meats through TBARs assays before analysis. Food Anal. Methods 2017, 10, 1870–1880. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  199. Domínguez, R.; Pateiro, M.; Gagaoua, M.; Barba, F.J.; Zhang, W.; Lorenzo, J.M. A comprehensive review on lipid oxidation in meat and meat products. Antioxidants 2019, 8, 429. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  200. Viji, P.; Binsi, P.K.; Visnuvinayagam, S.; Mohan, C.O.; Venkateshwarlu, G.; Srinivasa Gopal, T.K. Lipid Oxidation and Biochemical Quality of Indian Mackerel during Frozen Storage: Effect of Previous Treatment with Plant Extracts. J. Food Biochem. 2017, 41, e12308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  201. Shi, J.; Lei, Y.; Shen, H.; Hong, H.; Yu, X.; Zhu, B.; Luo, Y. Effect of glazing and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract on preservation of mud shrimp (Solenocera melantho) during frozen storage. Food Chem. 2019, 272, 604–612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  202. Tan, M.; Li, P.; Yu, W.; Wang, J.; Xie, J. Effects of glazing with preservatives on the quality changes of squid during frozen storage. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 3847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  203. Tao, F.; Peng, Y. A method for nondestructive prediction of pork meat quality and safety attributes by hyperspectral imaging technique. J. Food Eng. 2014, 126, 98–106. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  204. Weng, S.; Zhu, W.; Zhang, X.; Yuan, H.; Zheng, L.; Zhao, J.; Huang, L.; Han, P. Recent advances in Raman technology with applications in agriculture, food and biosystems: A review. Artif. Intell. Agric. 2019, 3, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  205. Badii, F.; Howell, N.K. Effect of antioxidants, citrate, and cryoprotectants on protein denaturation and texture of frozen cod (Gadus morhua). J. Agric. Food Chem. 2002, 50, 2053–2061. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  206. Zhang, H.; He, P.; Li, X.; Kang, H. Antioxidant effect of essential oils on RTC pork chops and its evaluation by Raman spectroscopy. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2018, 42, 1–7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  207. Howes, B.D.; Milazzo, L.; Droghetti, E.; Nocentini, M.; Smulevich, G. Addition of sodium ascorbate to extend the shelf-life of tuna meat fish: A risk or a benefit for consumers? J. Inorg. Biochem. 2019, 200, 110813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  208. Drouza, C.; Smaragda, S.; Keramidas, A.D. EPR methods applied on food analysis. In EPR Methods Applied on Food Analysis; IntechOpen: Rijeka, Croatia, 2018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  209. Hatzakis, E. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in food science: A comprehensive review. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 2019, 18, 189–220. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  210. Wan, C.; Shen, Y.; Nisar, M.F.; Qi, W.; Chen, C.; Chen, J. The antifungal potential of carvacrol against Penicillium digitatum through 1H-NMR based metabolomics approach. Appl. Sci. 2019, 9, 2240. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  211. Policegoudra, R.S.; Divakar, S.; Aradhya, S.M. Identification of difurocumenonol, a new antimicrobial compound from mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxb.) rhizome. J. Appl. Microbiol. 2007, 102, 1594–1602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  212. Del Toro-Sánchez, C.L.; Ayala-Zavala, J.F.; Machi, L.; Santacruz, H.; Villegas-Ochoa, M.A.; Alvarez-Parrilla, E.; González-Aguilar, G.A. Controlled release of antifungal volatiles of thyme essential oil from β-cyclodextrin capsules. J. Incl. Phenom. Macrocycl. Chem. 2010, 67, 431–441. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  213. Zhou, Q.; Li, P.; Fang, S.; Mei, J.; Xie, J. Preservative effects of gelatin active coating containing eugenol and higher CO2 concentration. Molecules 2020, 25, 871. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  214. Liu, W.; Shen, Y.; Li, N.; Mei, J.; Xie, J.; Kraśniewska, K. Application of gelatin incorporated with red pitaya peel methanol extract as edible coating for quality enhancement of crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) during refrigerated storage. J. Food Qual. 2019, 2019, 1715946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  215. Li, P.; Peng, Y.; Mei, J.; Xie, J. Effects of microencapsulated eugenol emulsions on microbiological, chemical and organoleptic qualities of farmed Japanese sea bass (Lateolabrax japonicus) during cold storage. LWT 2020, 118, 108831. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  216. Zhou, Q.; Li, P.; Fang, S.; Liu, W.; Mei, J.; Xie, J. Preservative effects of gelatin active coating enriched with eugenol emulsion on Chinese seabass. Coatings 2019, 9, 489. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
  217. Zhu, Y.; Li, C.; Cui, H.; Lin, L. Plasma enhanced-nutmeg essential oil solid liposome treatment on the gelling and storage properties of pork meat batters. J. Food Eng. 2020, 266, 109696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  218. Barba, F.J.; Roohinejad, S.; Ishikawa, K.; Leong, S.Y.; El-Din, A.; Bekhit, A.; Saraiva, J.A.; Lebovka, N. Electron spin resonance as a tool to monitor the influence of novel processing technologies on food properties. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2020, 100, 77–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  219. Duda, M.; Cygan, K.; Wisniewska-Becker, A. Effects of curcumin on lipid membranes: An EPR spin-label study. Cell Biochem. Biophys. 2020, 78, 139–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
  220. Arivizhivendhan, K.V.; Mahesh, M.; Boopathy, R.; Swarnalatha, S.; Regina Mary, R.; Sekaran, G. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of bioactive prodigiosin produces from Serratia marcescens using agricultural waste as a substrate. J. Food Sci. Technol. 2018, 55, 2661–2670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  221. Sadžak, A.; Mravljak, J.; Maltar-Strmečki, N.; Arsov, Z.; Baranović, G.; Erceg, I.; Kriechbaum, M.; Strasser, V.; Přibyl, J.; Šegota, S. The structural integrity of the model lipid membrane during induced lipid peroxidation: The role of flavonols in the inhibition of lipid peroxidation. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  222. Paari, A.; Kanmani, P.; Satishkumar, R.; Yuvaraj, N.; Pattukumar, V.; Agrawal, M.; Arul, V. The combined effect of irradiation and antioxidant packaging on shelf life extension of goat fish (Parupeneus indicus): Microbial, chemical and EPR spectral assessment. J. Food Process. Preserv. 2012, 36, 152–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  223. Bolumar, T.; Andersen, M.L.; Orlien, V. Mechanisms of radical formation in beef and chicken meat during high pressure processing evaluated by electron spin resonance detection and the addition of antioxidants. Food Chem. 2014, 150, 422–428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  224. Bao, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Ren, X.; Zhang, Y.; Peng, Z.; Zhou, G. Formation and inhibition of lipid alkyl radicals in roasted meat. Foods 2020, 9, 572. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  225. Bolumar, T.; LaPeña, D.; Skibsted, L.H.; Orlien, V. Rosemary and oxygen scavenger in active packaging for prevention of high-pressure induced lipid oxidation in pork patties. Food Packag. Shelf Life 2016, 7, 26–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  226. Nissen, L.R.; Månsson, L.; Bertelsen, G.; Huynh-Ba, T.; Skibsted, L.H. Protection of dehydrated chicken meat by natural antioxidants as evaluated by electron spin resonance spectrometry. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2000, 48, 5548–5556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  227. Pénicaud, C.; Peyron, S.; Gontard, N.; Guillard, V. Oxygen quantification methods and application to the determination of oxygen diffusion and solubility coefficients in food. Food Rev. Int. 2012, 28, 113–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
  228. Yu, L.; Cheng, Z. Application of electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometry in nutraceutical and food research. Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 2008, 52, 62–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Antioxidants 09 00882 g001 550
Figure 1. The number of publications (a) and citations (b) related to the application of spectroscopic techniques in the context of natural preservatives. Information obtained from the database Scopus (Search criteria: Article title, Abstract, Keywords: natural preservatives, OR essential oils, OR natural compounds, AND Article title, Abstract, Keywords: food, AND Article title, Abstract, Keywords: spectroscopy. The data were obtained on 3 July 2020.
Figure 1. The number of publications (a) and citations (b) related to the application of spectroscopic techniques in the context of natural preservatives. Information obtained from the database Scopus (Search criteria: Article title, Abstract, Keywords: natural preservatives, OR essential oils, OR natural compounds, AND Article title, Abstract, Keywords: food, AND Article title, Abstract, Keywords: spectroscopy. The data were obtained on 3 July 2020.
Antioxidants 09 00882 g001
Antioxidants 09 00882 g002 550
Figure 2. Scheme for the preparation of edible films and coatings and the different bioactive compounds that can be incorporated into them. Adapted from References [31,73].
Figure 2. Scheme for the preparation of edible films and coatings and the different bioactive compounds that can be incorporated into them. Adapted from References [31,73].
Antioxidants 09 00882 g002
Antioxidants 09 00882 g003 550
Figure 3. Summary of the mechanisms of action of class I, II, and III bacteriocins. Class I can directly penetrate cell membranes and affect cell integrity using different inhibition pathways. It can bind to lipid II, causing the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis and thus, disrupting cell wall formation or inducing pore formation that leads to cell death. In the case of Class II, they can penetrate cell walls and bind to mannose phosphotransferase (Man-PTS) receptors initiating a process of pore formation, as well as penetrate cell membranes and affect cell content by disruption of the proton motive force, among other activities. Class III can act directly on cell walls causing their disruption. Based on References [113,127,128].
Figure 3. Summary of the mechanisms of action of class I, II, and III bacteriocins. Class I can directly penetrate cell membranes and affect cell integrity using different inhibition pathways. It can bind to lipid II, causing the inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis and thus, disrupting cell wall formation or inducing pore formation that leads to cell death. In the case of Class II, they can penetrate cell walls and bind to mannose phosphotransferase (Man-PTS) receptors initiating a process of pore formation, as well as penetrate cell membranes and affect cell content by disruption of the proton motive force, among other activities. Class III can act directly on cell walls causing their disruption. Based on References [113,127,128].
Antioxidants 09 00882 g003
Antioxidants 09 00882 g004 550
Figure 4. Vibrational spectroscopies are commonly used in the assessment of food quality and safety.
Figure 4. Vibrational spectroscopies are commonly used in the assessment of food quality and safety.
Antioxidants 09 00882 g004
Table
Table 1. Examples of the beneficial properties of adding plant extracts (PE) and essential oils (EO) to different food products.
Table 1. Examples of the beneficial properties of adding plant extracts (PE) and essential oils (EO) to different food products.
PlantProductPropertiesRef.
Essential Oils
Thyme (Thymus capitatus)Semi-skimmed ultra-high-temperature (UHT) MilkAntimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus licheniformis, and Enterococcus hirae Improve oxidative and fermentative stability[51]
Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) Cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), Myrtle (Myrtus communis, and Lavender (Lavandula stoechas)UHT MilkAntimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli[52]
Trachyspermum ammi fruitWheat and chickpeaHigh antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and anti-aflatoxigenic activity against aflatoxin B1[53]
Mentha cardiac L.Dry fruitsHigh antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and anti-aflatoxigenic activity against aflatoxin B1[54]
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)Atlantic Mackerel (Scomber scombrus) filletsDelay of the development of lipid oxidation and the formation of TVB-N. Extension of shelf-life of products of 2–5 days compared to the control samples[40]
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), laurel (Laurus nobilis), and sage (Salvia officinalis)Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties Enhancement of the organoleptic quality of fish[55]
Orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck)Pink shrimp (Parapenaeus longirostris)Antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity (total viable counts, psychrotrophic bacteria, and Enterobacteriaceae family). Shelf-life extension of nearly 10 days[56]
Bunium persicumIranian cheeseAntioxidant activity, antibacterial properties against Salmonella typhimurium, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes[57]
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris)Semi-solid coalho cheeseAntimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes[58]
Zataria multiflora Boiss.Gouda cheeseDecrease in the biogenic amines content (Tyr and His) and antimicrobial activity, especially against yeasts[59]
Oregano Fresh lettuceAntimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli[60]
Plant Extracts
Guarana (Paullinia cupana) and pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.)Lamb burgersReduction of the lipid and protein oxidation [61]
Black and green tea (Camellia sinensis L.)Uncured pork sausagesAntioxidant activity on par with the effect of BHT without any adverse effects on sensory attributes[62]
Cinnamon and clove Baked foodsGrowth inhibition of molds (Aspergillus spp., Penicilium spp.)[63]
Onion and cranberryRabbit meatImprove the microbial control against Pseudomonas and Enterobacteriaceae. Higher phenolic content[64]
Stinging nettle leavesBreadImprove the antioxidant activity (DPPH), quality, and sensory profile[65]
Olive (Olea europaea L.) leavesBaked snacksReduction of oxidative degradation. Improvement of sensory data, antioxidant activity, and level of volatile compounds[66]
Table
Table 2. Examples of food applications of edible films and coatings based on different edible materials.
Table 2. Examples of food applications of edible films and coatings based on different edible materials.
Coating MaterialProductPropertiesRef.
Polysaccharides
Chitosan-basedBaby carrotsDelay of the microbial spoilage. Improvement of quality attributes: Product color and texture[77]
Chitosan-green tea extractWalnut kernelInhibition of lipid oxidation and fungal growth and optimization of sensory properties[78]
Chitosan-gelatinBeefImprovement of color preservation and reduced weight loss and lipid oxidation[79]
Chitosan-gelatinWhite shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)Shelf-life extension by decreasing the total and psychrotrophic bacteria. Decrease of lipid oxidation and improvement of texture and color[80]
Chitosan-cassava starch-Myrcia ovata Cambessedes EOMangaba fruitsGrowth inhibition of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, and Serratia marcescens[81]
Chitosan-pomegranate peel extractWhite shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei)Retarding melanosis and color changes, enhancing texture and sensory scores during iced storage[82]
Chitosan-whey proteinRicotta cheeseExtension of shelf-life: Retard development of undesirable acidity and microbial spoilage without modifying sensory characteristics[83]
Chitosan-lemongrass oilGrape berryInitial inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium and other microorganisms. Retention of color, total soluble solid content, and improvement of the antioxidant activity during storage[84]
Chitosan clove oilCooked pork sausagesInhibition of microbial growth, late lipid oxidation, and extension of the shelf-life in refrigerated storage[85]
Chitosan-gallic acidPacific mackerel filletsSynergistic effect during chilled storage: Inhibition of microbial growth, BA formation, lipid oxidation, and nucleotide and protein breakdown, without losing optimal sensory characteristics[86]
Cellulose derivativesFried potatoesOil uptake reduction without causing differences in texture[87]
Cellulose derivativesFresh eggsLower weight loss and improvement of albumen quality, changing from grade AA to A, and remaining that way during the storage period[88]
Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)-chitosanCitrus fruitsImprovement of fruit qualities: Firmness, weight loss, fruit gloss, fruit ripening progression, sensory evaluation, ethanol concentration, and disease incidence[89]
Tapioca starch-basedFortified pumpkinColor, antimicrobial activity, and ascorbic acid retention were improved.[90]
Starch-basedBrussels sproutsShelf-life extension by optimizing weight loss, surface color and texture[91]
Starch-gelatinRed Crimson grapesIncrease of biofilm mechanical strength, solubility in water, water vapor permeability, and thickness[92]
Pectin-basedFresh-cut carrotsLower accumulation of phenolic acids (responsible for white blush) and flavonoids (responsible for astringency and bitterness) during refrigerated storage[93]
Pectin-green tea powderPork pattyDecrease of lipid oxidation, increase of radical scavenging effects, and reduction of total aerobic bacteria[94]
Pectin-oregano EO-resveratrolFresh pork loinDecrease of pH, color change, lipid and protein oxidation, and inhibition of microbial growth with high oxygen modified atmosphere packaging[95]
Agar-alginate-chitosan-AgNP-Grapefruit seed PEPotatoesUV-screening effect, antimicrobial activity against Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli. Prevention of greening during storage and formation of condensed water on the packaged film surface[96]
Sodium alginate with anti-browning agentsFresh-cut appleImprovement of the shelf-life by reducing microbial growth and reducing the browning index[97]
Sodium alginate-EOArbutus unedo L. Fresh fruitMaintenance of postharvest quality (sensory and nutritional) attributes through storage. Reduction of microbial spoilage[98]
Sodium alginate-CMC- epigallocatechin gallateFresh porkSignificant inhibitory effect on microbial growth, lipid oxidation, and improvement of sensory scores[99]
K-carrageenanFortified pumpkinColor, antimicrobial activity, and ascorbic acid retention were improved.[90]
Pullulan‘Fuji’ applesExtended shelf-life. Retarding enzymatic browning, adecrease of weight loss, inhibition of microbial growth and maintenance of firmness[100]
Xanthan gum-enriched with cinnamic acidFresh-cut pearsPrevention of browning, lower polyphenol oxidase activity, and extension of the shelf-life[101]
Proteins
Gelatin-tea polyphenolGolden pomfret filletsReduction of the weight loss, pH lowering, and microbial growth inhibition. Retarding myofibril degradation during cold storage[102]
Gelatin-chitosanGolden pomfret filletsInhibition of myofibril degradation during cold storage[103]
Gelatin-oregano EORainbow trout filletsDecrease of total volatile basic nitrogen, peroxide value, thiobarbituric acid, and microbial growth[104]
Gelatin-CMC-chitin nanofibers-Trachyspermum ammi EO (Ajowan)Refrigerated raw beefAntimicrobial effect against psychrotrophic bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus aureus, LAB, molds, and yeasts. Maintenance of chemical profile, color, and sensory properties[105]
Whey proteinFrozen Atlantic salmonDecrease of lipid oxidation of fish fillets. Increase of whiteness of cooked samples[106]
Whey protein-oregano or clove EOChicken breast filletsAntimicrobial effect against aerobic mesophilic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, total aerobic psychrotrophic bacteria, LAB, and Pseudomonas spp.[107]
Whey protein-lactoperoxidase system-α-tocopherolPike-perch filletsAntibacterial and antioxidant properties directed towards shelf-life extension[108]
Lipids
Candelilla wax StrawberryAntifungal activity against Rhizopus stolonifera and extension of postharvest shelf-life[109]
Candelixa wax-ellagic acidAvocadoAntimicrobial activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and improvement of quality and shelf-life[110]
Carnauba wax-cassava starchFresh-cut applesPositive impact on water solubility and respiration rate. Improve film mechanical properties[111]
Shellac and Aloe vera gel (resins)TomatoesImproved permeability of O2, CO2, and water vapor. Senescence delay and shelf-life extension[112]
Table
Table 3. The main characteristics of spectroscopic techniques.
Table 3. The main characteristics of spectroscopic techniques.
Spectroscopic TechniqueWavelength LimitsType of TransitionAdvantagesLimitations
Fluorescence250–750 nmBonding electrons in moleculesRapid, high accuracy, sensitivity, relatively low costLimited to samples containing fluorophores, sample surface technique
Visible380–750 nmBonding electrons in moleculesAccuracy, sensitivity, relatively low cost, suitable to measure colorEffect of scattering and path length
Near-infrared750–2500 nmOvertones and combinations of fundamental bandsLess sample preparation requirement, high sensitivity to physical structure, and presence of waterRequires reliable reference methods, low specificity, overlapped and complex spectra, dry samples preferred
Hyperspectral imaging400–1000 nm (Most common)-Providing spatial information (pixel-to-pixel signal)Huge amount of data and data processing, costs
Mid-infrared2500–25000 nmFundamental stretching, bending, and rotatingHigh sensitivity to chemical compositions, distinct absorption peaksWater interference and low light penetration
Raman750–1064 nmVibrational transitionsProvides structural and qualitative information, low sensitivity to waterInterference from biological fluorescence background signals, a small part of the sample is irradiated (laser spot), low sensitivity, due to weak scattering
Nuclear magnetic resonance1–1000 mNuclei orientation into a magnetic fieldAccuracy, determination of precise structures, minimal sample preparation, spatial information (magnetic resonance imaging: MRI)Expensive equipment, low sensitivity, overlapping signal, especially when analyzing complex mixtures

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Hassoun, A.; Carpena, M.; Prieto, M.A.; Simal-Gandara, J.; Özogul, F.; Özogul, Y.; Çoban, Ö.E.; Guðjónsdóttir, M.; Barba, F.J.; Marti-Quijal, F.J.; et al. Use of Spectroscopic Techniques to Monitor Changes in Food Quality during Application of Natural Preservatives: A Review. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 882. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090882

AMA Style

Hassoun A, Carpena M, Prieto MA, Simal-Gandara J, Özogul F, Özogul Y, Çoban ÖE, Guðjónsdóttir M, Barba FJ, Marti-Quijal FJ, et al. Use of Spectroscopic Techniques to Monitor Changes in Food Quality during Application of Natural Preservatives: A Review. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(9):882. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090882

Chicago/Turabian Style

Hassoun, Abdo, Maria Carpena, Miguel A. Prieto, Jesus Simal-Gandara, Fatih Özogul, Yeşim Özogul, Özlem Emir Çoban, María Guðjónsdóttir, Francisco J. Barba, Francisco J. Marti-Quijal, and et al. 2020. "Use of Spectroscopic Techniques to Monitor Changes in Food Quality during Application of Natural Preservatives: A Review" Antioxidants 9, no. 9: 882. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090882

Note that from the first issue of 2016, this journal uses article numbers instead of page numbers. See further details here.

Article Metrics

Back to TopTop