Regular ArticleThe Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis☆
References (105)
- et al.
Individual differences in working memory and reading
Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior
(1980) - et al.
Individual differences in susceptibility to interference and general cognitive ability
Acta Psychologica
(1999) - et al.
Intelligence and the frontal lobe: The organization of goal-directed behavior
Cognitive Psychology
(1996) - et al.
The antisaccade: A review of basic research and clinical studies
Neuropsychologia
(1998) - et al.
Control functions of the frontal lobes: Modularity of the central-supervisory system?
Cortex
(1999) - et al.
Are the frontal lobes implicated in “planning” functions? Interpreting data from the Tower of Hanoi
Neuropsychologia
(1995) Primary and secondary saccades to goals defined by instructions
Vision Research
(1978)Varieties of inhibition: Manifestations in cognition, event-related potentials and aging
Acta Psychologica
(1999)- et al.
Information processing and intelligence: Some implications of task complexity
Intelligence
(1988) - et al.
Correlations among cognitive abilities are lower for higher ability groups
Intelligence
(1996)
Executive control of thought and action
Acta Psychologica
The effect of goal-subgoal conflict on planning ability after frontal- and temporal-lobe lesions in humans
Neuropsychologia
Forest before trees: The precedence of global features in visual perception
Cognitive Psychology
The left frontal lobe of man and the suppression of habitual responses in verbal categorical behavior
Neuropsychologia
Inhibitory control, impulsiveness, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Clinical Psychology Review
The functional equivalence of problem solving skills
Cognitive Psychology
A reevaluation of working memory capacity in children
Journal of Memory and Language
Is working memory capacity task dependent?
Journal of Memory and Language
Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach
Psychological Bulletin
Wisconsin card sorting performance as a measure of frontal lobe damage
Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology
Executive functions in multiple sclerosis: An analysis of temporal ordering, semantic encoding, and planning abilities
Neuropsychology
Working memory
Exploring the central executive
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
Testing central executive functioning with a pencil-and-paper test
Random generation and the executive control of working memory
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
Working memory: The multicomponent model
A simple objective technique for measuring flexibility in thinking
Journal of General Psychology
A general factor involved in dual-task performance decrement
Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
Theory and methodology in executive function research
The ecological validity of tests of executive function
Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society
What one intelligence test measures: A theoretical account of the processing in the Raven Progressive Matrices Test
Psychological Review
A developmental functional MRI study of prefrontal activation during performance of a go-no-go task
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences
Individual differences in working memory capacity: More evidence for a general capacity theory
Memory
Descartes' error: Emotion, reason, and human brain
Working memory and language comprehension: A meta-analysis
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
A theory and model of executive function: A neuropsychological perspective
The neural basis of the central executive system of working memory
Nature
Toward a cognitive account of the frontal lobe function: Simulating frontal lobe deficits in normal subjects
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
Attention, intelligence, and the frontal lobes
Frontal lobe deficits after head injury: Unity and diversity of function
Cognitive Neuropsychology
Manual for kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests
Individual differences in integrating and coordinating multiple sources of information
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition
Individual differences in working memory capacity and what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence, and functions of the prefrontal cortex
Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent variable approach
Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research
Psychological Methods
The prefrontal landscape: Implications of functional architecture for understanding human mentation and the central executive
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London
Evaluating model fit
Cited by (10525)
The application of arithmetic principles predicts mathematical achievement in college students
2024, Learning and InstructionThe contributions of executive functioning to handwritten and keyboarded compositions in Year 2 children
2024, Contemporary Educational PsychologySex-differential patterns of neuropsychological functioning in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
2024, Comprehensive PsychiatryThe structure of metacognition in middle childhood: Evidence for a unitary metacognition-for-memory factor
2024, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology
- ☆
We thank Anna Ficken, Timi Iddings, Silvie Kilworth, Vandana Passi, Juan Quezada, Bob Slevc, and Neal Wolcott for their help in running the experiments and scoring data. We also thank Greg Carey for his statistical advice; John R. Crawford, John Duncan, Priti Shah, and an anonymous reviewer for their comments on a draft of this article; Dan Kimberg and Jim Parker for making the versions of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test and the Stroop task programs, respectively, available to us; and Ernie Mross for programming the Tower of Hanoi task. This research was supported in part by a National Science Foundation (NSF) KDI/LIS Grant (IBN–9873492), a University of Colorado Council of Research and Creative Work Grants-in-Aid award, and an NSF Graduate Fellowship. A preliminary version of this research was presented at the 11th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Society, Denver, Colorado in June 1999.
Correspondence and reprint requests concerning this article should be addressed to Akira Miyake, Department of Psychology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Campus Box 345, Boulder, CO 80309–0345. Electronic mail may also be sent to [email protected].