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The Consequences of Deafness for Spoken Language Development

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Part of the book series: Springer Handbook of Auditory Research ((SHAR,volume 47))

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Abstract

Untreated prelinguistic deafness has a major effect on the development of spoken language, slowing development to less than half the normal rate on average, and often resulting in permanent spoken language deficits. When treated with cochlear implants at a reasonably early age, profoundly deaf children can learn spoken language, following patterns and stages of development that are similar to the patterns and stages for children with normal hearing and children with moderate and severe hearing loss who wear hearing aids. For example, receptive language and expressive language progress at similar rates, and vocabulary expands in step with other aspects of language such as phonology, morphology, syntax, and pragmatics. There appears to be a critical level of pure tone average hearing loss at about 90 dB HL that separates groups of children who are qualitatively different in the way they use their hearing and language skills. Cochlear implants are capable of moving children from the “deaf” to the “hard-of-hearing” group. Early intervention with cochlear implants or hearing aids and structured language learning has a very positive effect on the early rate of spoken language development, but there is a very wide range of spoken language outcomes in children when they reach the age of nine or ten years and it is not clearly established whether the outcomes are primarily related to age at intervention, environmental factors, cognitive abilities of the child, or the time devoted to language learning.

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Acknowledgements

Although the authors of this chapter take full responsibility, they wish to acknowledge that the contents of this chapter have been developed over 32 years of research collaboration with colleagues at the University of Melbourne, the Bionics Institute (formerly the Bionic Ear Institute), and elsewhere nationally and internationally. In particular the authors thank the following people for their insights and friendship over the years: Emily Tobey, Ann Geers, Jean Moog, Lisa Davidson, Karyn Galvin, Peter Busby, Roger Wales, Johanna Barry, Dimity Dornan, Graeme Clark, Richard Dowell, Louise Paatsch, Janet Fletcher, Daniel Ling, Elaine Saunders, Shani Dettman, Margo Skinner, and Field Rickards. The first author (Peter Blamey) was trained as a nuclear physicist and actuary before 1979, and is consequently unlikely to have known anything at all about language development in children with impaired hearing if it were not for the patient assistance of the aforementioned colleagues. The authors’ research has been funded by the National Health and Medical Research Council, the Australian Research Council, the Lions International Deafness Research Fellowship, and other philanthropic sources. The Bionics Institute acknowledges the support it receives from the Victorian Government through its Operational Infrastructure Support Program.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bionics Institute of Australia, 384-388 Albert St., East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia

    Peter J. Blamey

  2. Audiology and Speech Pathology Department, The University of Melbourne, 550 Swanston St., Carlton, Victoria, 3053, Australia

    Peter J. Blamey & Julia Z. Sarant

  3. Department of Medical Bionics, The University of Melbourne, 384-388 Albert St., East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, Australia

    Peter J. Blamey

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  1. Peter J. Blamey
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Correspondence to Peter J. Blamey .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hannover Medical School, Institute of Audioneurotechnology, Hannover, Germany

    Andrej Kral

  2. Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA

    Arthur N. Popper

  3. Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA

    Richard R. Fay

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Blamey, P.J., Sarant, J.Z. (2013). The Consequences of Deafness for Spoken Language Development. In: Kral, A., Popper, A., Fay, R. (eds) Deafness. Springer Handbook of Auditory Research, vol 47. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/2506_2013_10

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