Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism: Historical Perspective and Recent Highlights

  • Chapter
Magnetism: A Synchrotron Radiation Approach

Part of the book series: Lecture Notes in Physics ((LNP,volume 697))

Abstract

This chapter starts with a brief historical overview which shows how xray Magnetic Circular Dichroism (XMCD) has evolved from the very early days of xray physics to become a powerful spectroscopic technique with the derivation of the x-ray magneto-optical sum rules. We analyze the physical content of XMCD and its sum rules. It is the unique capability of XMCD to probe with elemental selectivity the magnetic properties of an electronic state of given symmetry which makes this method an outstanding tool to study magnetism. We decided to highlight two recent advances in XMCD: the first one deals with measurements of tiny magnetic moments induced either by a magnetic field in a Pauli paramagnet (Pd metal) or by hybridization with a transition metal; the second example concerns induced magnetism in ferromagnetic 3d/5d multilayers.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. W.C. Röntgen, Über eine neue Art von Strahlen. Vorlaufige Mitteilung: Sitzber. Physik. Med. Ges. 137, 132 (1895) (in German)

    Google Scholar 

  2. J. Perrin, Quelques propriétés des rayons de Röntgen: C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 122, 186 (1896) (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  3. J.J. Thomson, The Röntgen Rays: Nature 53, 391 (1896)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  4. B. Galitzine and A. Karnojitzky, Recherches concernant les propriétés des rayons X: C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 122, 717 (1896) (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  5. G. Sagnac, Sur la diffraction et la polarisation des rayons de M. Röntgen: C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 122, 783 (1896) (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  6. R. Blondlot, Sur la polarisation des rayons X: J. de Physique (4) 2, 169; C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 136, 284 (1903) (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  7. J.W. Gifford, Are Röntgen Rays Polarised?: Nature 54, 172 (1896)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  8. R. von Lieben, Physik. Zeitschr. 4, 471 (1903) (in German)

    Google Scholar 

  9. R von Lieben, Bemerkungen zur “Polarisation der Röntgenstrahlung”: Physik. Zeitschr. 5, 72 (1904)(in German)

    Google Scholar 

  10. C.G. Barkla, Polarised Röntgen Radiation: Phil. Trans. A204, 467 (1905)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  11. C.G. Barkla, Polarisation in Secondary Röntgen Radiation: Proc. Roy. Soc. London A 77, 247 (1906)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  12. E. Bassler, Polarisation der X-Strahlen, nachgewiesen mittels Sekundärstrahlung: Annalen der Physik, 28, 808 (1909) (in German)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  13. J.C. Chapman, Some experiments on polarized Röntgen radiation: Phil. Mag. 25, 792 (1913)

    Google Scholar 

  14. A.H. Forman, The effect of magnetization on the opacity of iron to Röntgen rays: Phys. Rev. 3, 306 (1914)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  15. A.H. Forman, The effect of magnetization on the opacity of iron to Röntgen rays: Phys. Rev. 7, 119 (1916)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  16. A.H. Compton, The absorption of gamma rays by magnetized iron: Phys. Rev. 17, 38 (1921)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  17. J.A. Becker, The effect of the magnetic field on the absorption of X-rays: Phys. Rev. 20, 134 (1922)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  18. J.A. Becker, The effect of a magnetic field on the absorption of X-rays: Phys. Rev. 22, 320 (1923)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  19. W. Kartschagin and E. Tschetwerikova, Zur Frage nach der magnetischen Drehung der Polarisationsebene primärer Röntgenstrahlen: Zeitsch. für Physik, 39, 886 (1926) (in German)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  20. D.K. Froman, The Faraday Effect with X-rays: Phys. Rev. 41, 693 (1932)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  21. C. Kurylenko, Franges au voisinage de la discontinuitý K des rayons X: J. Phys. Rad. 1, 133 (1940) (in French)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. C. Kurylenko, Oú en est la question de la discontinuité d’absorption K des rayons X et des franges qui l’accompagnent?: Bull. Soc. R Sci. Liege 15, 236 (1946) (in French)

    Google Scholar 

  23. D. Coster, Book Reviews: Acta Cryst. 3, 160 (1948)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. H.S. Bennet and E.A. Stern, Faraday effect in solids: Phys. Rev. 137, A448 (1965)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  25. J.L. Erskine and E.A. Stern, Calculation of the M 2,3 magneto-optical absorption spectrum of ferromagnetic nickel: Phys. Rev. B 12, 5016 (1975)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  26. J. Hrdý, E. Krouský, and O. Renner, A search for Faraday effect in X-ray region: Phy. Stat. Sol. (a). 53, 143 (1979)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  27. M. Hart and A.R.D. Rodriguez, Optical activity and the Faraday effect at X-ray frequencies, Phil. Mag. B 43, 321 (1981)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. G. Schütz, E. Zech, E. Hagn, and P. Kienle, Anisotropy of X-rays and spin dependence of the photoabsorption of circularly polarized soft X-rays in Magnetized Fe: Hyperflne Interaction 16, 1039 (1983)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  29. E. Keller and E.A. Stern: Magnetic XANES. In Proc. of the EXAFS and Near Edge Structure III Conference, Ed.: K.O. Hodgson, B. Hedman and J.E. Penner-Hahn, p. 507 (1984)

    Google Scholar 

  30. B.T. Thole, G. van der Laan, and G. A. Sawatzky, Strong magnetic dichroism predicted in the M 4,5 X-ray absorption spectra of magnetic rare-earth materials: Phys. Rev. Lett. 55, 2086 (1985)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  31. G. van der Laan, B.T. Thole, G.A. Sawatzky, J.B. Goekoop, J.C. Fuggle, J.-M. Esteva, R. Karnatak, J.P. Remeika, and H.A. Dabkowska, Experimental proof of magnetic x-ray dichroism: Phys. Rev. B 34, 6529 (1986)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  32. G. Schütz, W. Wagner, W. Wilhelm, P. Kienle, R. Zeller, R. Frahm, G. Mater-lik, Absorption of Circularly Polarized X-rays in Iron: Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 737 (1987)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  33. G. Schütz, R. Frahm, P. Mautner, R. Wienke, W. Wagner, W. Wilhelm and P. Kienle, Spin dependent Extended X-ray Absorption Fine Structure: Probing Magnetic short-range order: Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 2620 (1989)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  34. C.T. Chen, F. Sette, Y. Ma, and S. Modesti, Soft X-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the L 2,3 edges of nickel: Phys. Rev. B 42, 7262 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  35. B.T. Thole, P. Carra, F. Sette, and G. van der Laan, X-ray circular dichroism as a probe of orbital magnetization: Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 1943 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  36. P. Carra, B.T. Thole, M. Altarelli, and X. Wang, X-ray circular dichroism and local magnetic fields: Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 694 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  37. J. Stöhr, Exploring the microscopic origin of magnetic anisotropies with X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) spectroscopy: J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 200, 470 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  38. D.P. Siddons, M. Hart, Y. Amemiya, and J.B. Hastings, X-ray Optical activity and the Faraday effect in Cobalt and its compounds: Phys. Rev. Lett. 64, 1967 (1990)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  39. M. Sacchi and A. Mirone, Resonant reflectivity from a Ni(llO) crystal: Magnetic effects at the Ni 2p edges using linearly and circularly polarized photons: Phys. Rev. B 57, 8408 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  40. O. Hellwig, J.B. Kortright, K. Takano, E.E. Fullerton, Switching behavior of Fe-Pt/Ni-Fe exchange-spring films studied by resonant soft-x-ray magneto-optical Kerr effect: Phys. Rev. B 62, 11694 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  41. H.-Ch. Mertins, P.M. Oppeneer, J. Kuneš, A. Gaupp, D. Abramsohn, and F. Schäfers, Observation of the X-ray magneto-optical Voigt effect: Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 047401 (2001)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  42. J. Goulon, C. Goulon-Ginet, A. Rogalev, V. Gotte, C. Malgrange, C. Brouder, and C.R. Natoli, X-ray natural circular dichroism in a uniaxial gyrotropic single crystal of LiIO 3: J. Chem. Phys., 108, 6394 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  43. J. Goulon, A. Rogalev, C. Goulon-Ginet, G. Benayoun, L. Paolasini, C. Brouder, C. Malgrange, and P.A. Metcalf, First Observation of Nonreciprocal X-ray Gyrotropy: Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 4385 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  44. J. Goulon, A. Rogalev, F. Wilhelm, C. Goulon-Ginet, P. Carra, D. Cabaret, and C. Brouder, X-Ray Magnetochiral Dichroism: A New Spectroscopic Probe of Parity Nonconserving Magnetic Solids: Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 237401 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  45. P. Carra, A. Jerez, and I. Marri, X-ray dichroism in noncentrosymmetric crystals: Phys. Rev. B 67, 045111 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  46. J. Goulon, A. Rogalev, F. Wilhelm, C. Goulon-Ginet, P. Carra, I. Marri, and C. Brouder, X-ray Optical Activity: Application of Sum Rules: J. Exp. Theor. Phys., 97, 402 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  47. J. Stöhr and R. Nakajima, Magnetic properties of transition-metal multilayers studied with X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopy: IBM J. Res. Develop. 42, 73 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. U. Fano, Spin Orientation of Photoelectrons Ejected by Circularly Polarized Light: Phys. Rev. 178, 131 (1969)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  49. M. Altarelli, Orbital-magnetization sum rule for X-ray circular dichroism - a simple proof: Phys. Rev. B 47, 597 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  50. J. Igarashi and K. Hirai, Magnetic circular dichroism at the K-edge of nickel and iron: Phys. Rev. B 50, 17820 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  51. A. Ankudinov and J.J. Rehr, Sum rules for polarization-dependent X-ray absorption: Phys. Rev. B 51, 1282 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  52. A.F. Starace, Potential barrier effects in photoabsorption. 1. General theory: Phys. Rev. B5, 1773 (1972)

    ADS  Google Scholar 

  53. H. Ebert, Magneto-optical effects in transition metal systems: Rep. Prog. Phys. 59, 1665 (1996)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  54. P. Carra, H. König, B.T. Thole, and M. Altarelli, Magnetic X-ray dichroism -general features of dipolar and quadrupolar spectra: Physica B 192, 182 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  55. R. Wu, D. Wang and A.J. Freeman, First principles investigation of the validity and range of applicability of the X-ray magnetic circular dichroism sum rule: Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 3581 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  56. C.T. Chen, Y.U. Idzerda, H.-J. Lin, N.V. Smith, G. Meigs, E. Chaban, G.H. Ho, E. Pellegrin, and F. Sette, Experimental confirmation of the X-ray magnetic circular dichroism sum rules for iron and cobalt: Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 152 (1995)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  57. J. Vogel, A. Fontaine, V. Cros, F. Petroff, J.P. Kappler, G. Krill, A. Rogalev, and J. Goulon, Structure and magnetism of Pd in Pd/Fe multilayers studied by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the Pd L 2,3 edges: Phys. Rev. B 55, 3663 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  58. W. Grange, M. Maret, J.P. Kappler, J. Vogel, A. Fontaine, F. Petroff, G. Krill, A. Rogalev, J. Goulon, M. Finazzi, and N. Brookes, Magnetocrystalline anisotropy in (111) CoPt 3 thin films probed by x-ray magnetic circular dichroism: Phys. Rev. B 58, 6298 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  59. M. Finazzi, P. Sainctavit, A.M. Dias, J.P. Kappler, G. Krill, J.P. Sanchez, P. Dalmas de Reotier, A. Yaouanc, A. Rogalev, and J. Goulon, X-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the U M 4,5 absorption edges of U Fe 2: Phys. Rev. B 55, 3010 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  60. A. Rogalev, J. Goulon, C. Goulon-Ginet, and C. Malgrange: Instrumentation Developments for Polarization Dependent X-ray Spectroscopies at the ESRF Beamline ID12A. Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation ed. by E. Beaurepaire, F. Scheurer, G. Krill and J.P. Kappler - Springer-Verlag, 60 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  61. C. Malgrange, L. Varga, C. Giles, A. Rogalev, J. Goulon, Phase plates for X-ray optics: Proc. SPIE 3773, 326 (1999)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  62. A.J.P. Meyer, Propriétés magnétiques de MnAu: C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 242, 2315 (1956)

    Google Scholar 

  63. J. Goulon, C. Goulon-Ginet, R Cortés, and J.M. Dubois, On experimental attenuation factors of the amplitude of the EXAFS oscillations in absorption, reflectivity and luminescence measurements: J. Phys. (Paris) 43, 539 (1982)

    Google Scholar 

  64. M. Brown, R.E. Peierls, and E.A. Stern, White lines in X-ray absorption: Phys. Rev. B 15, 738 (1977)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  65. L.F. Mattheiss and R.E. Dietz, Relativistic tight-binding calculation of core-valence transitions in Pt and Au: Phys. Rev. B 22, 1663 (1980)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  66. J. Stöhr and R. Wu: Proc. NATO Advanced Study Institute “New Directions in Research with 3rd Generation Soft X-ray Synchrotron Radiation Sources”, ed. by A.S. Slachter and F.J. Wuilleumier (Kluver Academic Publishers, Dordrecht) (1994)

    Google Scholar 

  67. C. Brouder and J.P. Kappler, in Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation, ed. by E. Beaurepaire, B. Carrière and J.P. Kappler, p. 19–32 (Les editions de physique, Les Ulis) (1997)

    Google Scholar 

  68. Y. Wu, J. Stöhr, B.D. Hermsmeier, M.G. Samant, and D. Weller, Enhanced orbital magnetic moment on Co atoms in Co/Pd multilayers - a magnetic circular X-ray dichroism study: Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 2307 (1992)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  69. M. Kuhn and T.K. Sham, Charge redistribution and electronic behavior in a series of Au-Cu alloys: Phys. Rev. B 49, 1647 (1994)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  70. V. Antonov, B. Harmon, and A. Yaresko: Electronic structure and magneto-optical properties of solids (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London) (2004)

    Google Scholar 

  71. R.M. White: Quantum Theory of Magnetism (McGraw-Hill Advanced Physics Monograph Series, New York, 1970)

    Google Scholar 

  72. R. Kubo and Y. Obata, Note on the paramagnetic susceptibility and the gyromagnetic ratio in metals: J. Phys. Soc. Japan 11, 547 (1956)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  73. J.A. Seitchik, A.C. Gossard, and V. Jaccarino, Knight shifts and susceptibilities of transition metals: palladium: Phys. Rev. 136, A1119 (1964)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  74. H. Ebert et al. in Magnetism and Synchrotron Radiation ed. by E. Beaurepaire, F.Scheurer, G. Krill and J.P. Kappler Springer-Verlag, 343 (2001)

    Google Scholar 

  75. J. Goulon, A. Rogalev, G. Goujon, C. Gauthier, E. Moguiline, A. Sole, S. Feite, F. Wilhelm, N. Jaouen, C. Goulon-Ginet, P. Dressier, P. Rohr, M.-O Lampert, and R. Henck, Advanced detection systems for X-ray fluorescence excitation spectroscopy : J. Synch. Rad. 12, 57 (2005)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. P. Poulopoulos, M. Angelakeris, E.T. Papaioannou, N.K. Flevaris, D. Niarchos, M. Nyvlt V. Prosser, S. Visnovsky, C. Mueller, P. Fumagalli, F. Wilhelm, and A. Rogalev, Structural, magnetic, and spectroscopic magneto-optical properties aspects of Pt-Co multilayers with intentionally alloyed layers: J. Appl. Phys. 94, 7662 (2003)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. M. Angelakeris, P. Poulopoulos, N. Vouroutzis, M. Nyvlt, V. Prosser, S. Visnovsky, R Krishnan, and N.K. Flevaris, Structural and spectroscopic magneto-optic studies of Pt-Ni multilayers: J. Appl. Phys. 82, 5640 (1997)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  78. F. Wilhelm, P. Poulopoulos, G. Ceballos, H. Wende, K. Baberschke, P. Sri-vastava, D. Benea, H. Ebert, M. Angelakeris, N.K. Flevaris, D. Niarchos, A. Rogalev, and N.B. Brookes, Layer-resolved Magnetic Moments in Ni/Pt Multilayers: Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 413 (2000)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  79. J. Goulon, A. Rogalev, C. Gauthier, C. Goulon-Ginet, S. Paste, R. Signorato, C. Neumann, L. Varga, and C. Malgrange, Instrumentation developments for x-ray linear and circular dichroism at the ESRF beamline ID18A: J. Synch. Rad., 5, 232 (1998)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. J. Goulon, N.B. Brookes, C. Gauthier, J.B. Goedkoop, C. Goulon-Ginet, M. Hagelstein, and A. Rogalev, Instrumentation development for ESRF beamlines: Physica B, 208&209, 199 (1995)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. F. Wilhelm, P. Poulopoulos, H. Wende, A. Scherz, K. Baberschke, M. Angelakeris, N.K. Flevaris, and A. Rogalev, Systematics of the induced magnetic moments in 5d layers and the violation of the third Hund’s rule: Phys. Rev. Lett. 87, 207202 (2002)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  82. G. Schütz, M. Knulle, and H. Ebert, Magnetic circular X-ray dichroism and its relation to local moments: Phys. Scr. T49, 302 (1993)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  83. F. Wilhelm, P. Poulopoulos, H. Wende, A. Scherz, K. Baberschke, M. Angelakeris, N.K. Flevaris, and A. Rogalev, Reply on comment by R. Tyer, G. van der Laan, W.M. Temmerman, and Z. Szotek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 129702 (2003)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

  84. N. Jaouen, F. Wilhelm, A. Rogalev, J. Goulon, J.-M. Tonnerre, and S. Andrieu, Influence of the structure of Fe on the interfacial spin and orbital magnetic moments of Ir in Fe/Ir multilayers: J. Magn. Magn. Mat. 272-276, e1615 (2004)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. A.K. Rajagopal and M. Mochena, Spin-orbit interactions in the many-body theory of magnetic electron systems: Phys. Rev. B 57, 11582 (1998)

    Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF), Grenoble Cedex, 220, 38043, France

    Andrei Rogalev, Fabrice Wilhelm, Nicolas Jaouen & José Goulon

  2. Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg, CNRSUMR7504, 23 rue du Loess BP 43, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67034, France

    Jean-Paul Kappler

Authors
  1. Andrei Rogalev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Fabrice Wilhelm
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nicolas Jaouen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. José Goulon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jean-Paul Kappler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. CNRS IPCMS, 23, rue du Loess BP 43, Strasbourg Cedex 2, 67034, France

    Eric Beaurepaire , Hervé Bulou , Fabrice Scheurer  & Jean-Paul Kappler , ,  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2006 Springer

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rogalev, A., Wilhelm, F., Jaouen, N., Goulon, J., Kappler, JP. (2006). X-ray Magnetic Circular Dichroism: Historical Perspective and Recent Highlights. In: Beaurepaire, E., Bulou, H., Scheurer, F., Kappler, JP. (eds) Magnetism: A Synchrotron Radiation Approach. Lecture Notes in Physics, vol 697. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg . https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-33242-1_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation