Abstract
Plastic litter dispersed in the different environmental compartments represents one of the most concerning problems associated with human activities. Specifically, plastic particles in the micro and nano size scale are ubiquitous and represent a threat to human health and the environment. In the last few decades, a huge amount of research has been devoted to evaluate several aspects of micro/nano-plastic contamination: origin and emissions, presence in different compartments, environmental fate, effects on human health and the environment, transfer in the food web and the role of associated chemicals and microorganisms. Nevertheless, despite the bulk of information produced, several knowledge gaps still exist. The objective of this paper is to highlight the most important of these knowledge gaps and to provide suggestions for the main research needs required to describe and understand the most controversial points to better orient the research efforts for the near future. Some of the major issues that need further efforts to improve our knowledge on the exposure, effects and risk of micro/nano-plastics are: harmonization of sampling procedures; development of more accurate, less expensive and less time-consuming analytical methods; assessment of degradation patterns and environmental fate of fragments; evaluating the capabilities for bioaccumulation and transfer to the food web; and evaluating the fate and the impact of chemicals and microorganisms associated with micro/nano-plastics. The major gaps in all sectors of our knowledge, from exposure to potentially harmful effects, refer to small size microplastics and, particularly, to the occurrence, fate and effects of nanoplastics.
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Abbreviations
- AFM:
-
Atomic force microscopy
- ARB:
-
Antibiotic resistant bacteria
- ARG:
-
Antibiotic resistance genes
- CEC:
-
Contaminant of emerging concern
- DLS:
-
Dynamic light scattering
- DOC:
-
Dissolved organic carbon
- DSC:
-
Differential scanning calorimetry
- GIT:
-
Gastrointestinal tract
- HSI:
-
Hyperspectral imaging
- LC50:
-
Lethal concentration for 50% of organisms
- M/NPs:
-
Micro- and nano-plastics
- MBR:
-
Membrane bioreactor
- MP:
-
Microplastic
- NGS:
-
Next-generation sequencing
- NP:
-
Nanoplastic
- NTA:
-
Nanoparticle tracking analysis
- OCS:
-
Operation clean sweep
- PA:
-
Polyamide
- PCL:
-
Polycaprolactone
- PCP:
-
Personal care product
- PE:
-
Polyethylene
- PET:
-
Polyethylene terephthalate
- PHB:
-
Polyhydroxybutyrate
- PLA:
-
Poly(lactic acid)
- PP:
-
Polypropylene
- PS:
-
Polystyrene
- PU:
-
Polyurethane
- PVC:
-
Poly(vinyl chloride)
- Py-GC-MS:
-
Pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
- Py-GC-ToF-MS:
-
Pyrolysis gas chromatography time of flight mass spectrometry
- TGA:
-
Thermogravimetry
- WWTP:
-
Wastewater treatment plant
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Acknowledgements
The authors wish to thank the support provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science through the Thematic Network of Micro- and Nanoplastics in the Environment (RED2018-102345-T, EnviroPlaNet). Andreu Rico is supported by the Talented Researcher Support Programme - Plan GenT (CIDEGENT/2020/043) of the Generalitat Valenciana.
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The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
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Vighi, M. et al. (2021). Micro and Nano-Plastics in the Environment: Research Priorities for the Near Future. In: de Voogt, P. (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology Volume 257. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vol 257. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2021_69
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