Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs) represent a great resource for regenerative medicine based on their accessibility, self-renewal potential, low immunogenicity, high proliferative rate and potential to differentiate on multiple lineages. Their secretome is rich in chemokines, cytokines and protein growth factors that are actively involved in regeneration processes. In addition, part of this secretome are also the exosomes (hASC-exos), which display high content in proteins, messenger RNAs (mRNAs) and non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Due to their content, exosomes promote tissue regeneration by different mechanisms, either by activating or inhibiting several signaling pathways involved in wound healing, extracellular matrix remodeling, immunomodulation, angiogenesis, anti-apoptotic activity and cell migration, proliferation and differentiation. The use of hASC-exos may provide an improved alternative to standard therapies used in regenerative medicine, as a cell-free new approach with multiple possibilities to be modulated according to the patient needs. This review offers an updated overview on the functions and applications of hASC-exos in all areas of tissue regeneration, aiming to highlight to the reader the benefits of using hASCs in modern tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications.
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- AFM:
-
atomic force microscopy
- AK2:
-
adenylate kinase 2
- AKI:
-
acute kidney injury
- AKT:
-
Protein kinase B
- Alix:
-
ALG2-interacting protein X
- Arg-1:
-
arginase-1
- AT:
-
adipose tissue
- Bad:
-
Bcl associated agonist of cell death
- Bax:
-
Bcl-2-associated X protein
- Bcl-2:
-
B-cell lymphoma 2
- BDNF:
-
brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- bFGF:
-
basic fibroblast growth factor
- Bim:
-
Bcl-2-like protein 11
- BM-ASCs:
-
bone-marrow derived stem cells
- BMEC:
-
brain microvascular endothelial cells
- BMP:
-
bone morphogenetic proteins
- CD:
-
cluster of differentiation
- CM:
-
conditioned medium
- Col2A1:
-
type II collagen alpha 1
- COX:
-
cyclooxygenase
- CSCs:
-
cancer stem cells
- CSF-1R:
-
colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor
- DDL4:
-
angiogenic inhibitor delta-like 4
- Dvl:
-
Disheveled
- ECM:
-
extracellular matrix
- EGF:
-
epidermal growth factor
- EPCs:
-
endothelial progenitor cells
- ERK:
-
extracellular signal-regulated kinases
- ESCRT:
-
endosomal sorting complex required for transport
- EVs:
-
Extracellular vesicles
- MVBs:
-
multivesicular bodies
- FBS:
-
fetal bovine serum
- FGF-1:
-
fibroblast growth factor 1
- FIZZ:
-
found in inflammatory zone
- G-CSF:
-
granulocyte colony stimulating factor
- GDNF:
-
glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor
- hASCs:
-
human adipose derived stem cells
- HDFs:
-
Human dermal fibroblasts
- HIPK2:
-
homeodomain interacting protein kinase 2
- HR:
-
hypoxia/reoxygenation
- HSP:
-
heat shock protein
- IDO:
-
3-dioxygenase
- IFN-γ:
-
interferon γ
- IGF:
-
insulin-like growth factor
- IL:
-
interleukin
- IL-4Rα:
-
IL-4 receptor α
- ILVs:
-
intraluminal vesicles
- iNOS:
-
inducible nitric oxide synthase
- IR:
-
Ischemia/reperfusion
- IRAK1:
-
interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1
- IWR-1:
-
Wnt-β-catenin signaling inhibitor
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal kinases
- LASS2:
-
longevity assurance homologue 2
- LECs:
-
lymphatic endothelial cells
- lncRNA:
-
long non-coding RNA
- MALAT1:
-
metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1
- MAPKs:
-
mitogen-activated protein kinases
- MARK1:
-
microtubule affinity regulating kinase 1
- Mcl-1:
-
myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein 1
- MCP:
-
monocyte chemoattractant protein
- M-CSF:
-
macrophage colony stimulating factor
- MHC:
-
major histocompatibility complex
- miR:
-
microRNA
- MMP:
-
matrix metalloproteinases
- mRNAs:
-
messenger RNAs
- ncRNAs:
-
non-coding RNAs
- NF-kB:
-
nuclear factor-kB
- NGF:
-
nerve growth factor
- NK:
-
natural killer
- NPCs:
-
neural precursor cells
- Nrf2:
-
nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2
- OA:
-
osteoarthritis
- PCNA:
-
proliferating cell nuclear antigen
- PDGF:
-
platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFA:
-
platelet-derived growth factor subunit A
- PDGFR:
-
platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PDK1:
-
3-phosphoi-nositide-dependent protein kinase 1
- PI3K:
-
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- /PIP3:
-
phosphatidyl inositol 3, 4, 5-triphosphat
- PKB:
-
Protein Kinase B
- PLGA:
-
poly lactic-co-glycolic acid
- PPARγ:
-
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ
- PREF-1:
-
preadipocyte factor 1
- PTEN:
-
phosphatase and tensin homolog
- S1P:
-
sphingosine 1 phosphate
- S1PR1:
-
sphingosine 1 phosphate receptor 1
- SDF-1:
-
stromal cell derived factor
- SEM:
-
scanning electron microscopy
- Sema:
-
semaphorin
- SIRT1:
-
sirtuin 1
- SK1:
-
sphingosine kinase 1
- STAT3:
-
signal transducer and activator of transcription 3
- TCF/LEF:
-
T-cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor
- TEM:
-
transmission electron microscopy
- TGF-β:
-
transforming growth factor-β
- TIMP:
-
tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases
- TLR4:
-
Toll-like receptor 4
- TNF-α:
-
tumor necrosis factor-α
- TRAF6:
-
NF receptor associated factor 6
- TRPM7:
-
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 7
- TSG101:
-
Tumor susceptibility gene
- VEGF:
-
vascular endothelial growth factor
- VEGF-R:
-
VEGF receptors
- Vsp4:
-
vacuolar sorting protein 4
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Dinescu, S. et al. (2020). Exosomes as Part of the Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Secretome- Opening New Perspectives for Cell-Free Regenerative Applications. In: Turksen, K. (eds) Cell Biology and Translational Medicine, Volume 11. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology(), vol 1312. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/5584_2020_588
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