Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Acute Kidney Injury

  • Chapter
Surgical Intensive Care Medicine

Abstract

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the new consensus term for various degrees of acute renal injury or failure.1,2 We will use this term throughout this chapter instead of the previous term “failure” in keeping with such consensus statements. AKI is a frequently diagnosed in patients in the intensive care unit (ICU).3–5 Unfortunately, until recently, the definition of AKI has been a confounding element in its epidemiology.6 This is because the diagnosis of AKI is complex and involves data obtained from history, biochemical analysis, body size, sex, hematological information, and imaging. Accordingly, depending on the definition used,7 the incidence of AKI in ICU is in the range of 1–25%.8–12 In order to develop a widely accepted definition of AKI to facilitate communication and research in this field, the second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative in 2002 proposed a classification scheme for AKI.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Mehta RL, Kellum JA, Shah SV, et al. Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN): report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury. Crit Care. 2007;11:R31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Bellomo R, Ronco C, Kellum JA, et al. Acute renal failure-definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: the Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Crit Care. 2004;8:R204–R212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. De Mondança A, Vincent JL, Suter PM, et al. Acute renal failure in the ICU: risk factors and outcome evaluated by the SOFA score. Intensive Care Med. 2000;26:915–921.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Uchino S, Kellum JA, Bellomo R, et al. Acute renal failure in critically ill patients: a multinational, multicenter study. JAMA. 2005;294(7):813–818.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Ronco C. Defining acute renal failure: physiological principles. Int Care Med. 2004;30:33–37.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Vincent JL. Incidence of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. Contrib Nephrol. 2001;132:1–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Ronco C. Defining and classifying acute renal failure: from advocacy to consensus and validation of the RIFLE criteria. Int Care Med. 2007;33(3):409–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Weisbord SD, Palevsky PM. Acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. Semin Respir Care Med. 2006;27(3):262–273.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Wiakar SS, Curhan GC, Wald R, et al. Declining mortality in patients with acute renal failure, 1988 to 2002. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17:1143–1150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Hoste EA, Clermont G, Kersten A, et al. RIFLE criteria for acute kidney injury are associated with hospital mortality in critically ill patients: a cohort analysis. Crit Care. 2006;10(3):R73.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Jones DR, Lee HT. Protecting the kidney during critical illness. Curr Opin Anaesth. 2007;20:106–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Brivet FG, Kleinknecht DJ, Loirat P, et al. Acute renal failure in intensive care units – Causes, outcomes, and prognostic factors of hospital mortality: a prospective, multicenter study. Crit Care Med. 1996;24(2):192–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bagshaw SM, George C, Bellomo R, ANZICS Database Management Committee. Changes in the incidence and outcome for early acute kidney injury in a cohort of Australian intensive care units. Crit Care 2007;11(3):R68–R77.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Hoste EA, Kellum JA. Incidence, classification, and outcomes of acute kidney injury. Contrib Nephrol. 2007;156:32–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Cruz DN, Ronco C. Acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit: current trends in incidence and outcome. Crit Care. 2007;11(4):R140–R150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Abosaif NY, Tolba YA, Heap M, et al. The outcome of acute renal failure in the intensive care unit according to RIFLE: model application, sensitivity, and predictability. Am J Kidney Dis. 2005;46(6):1038–1048.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Schrier RW, Wang W. Acute renal failure and sepsis. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:159–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Piccini P, Lieta E, Marafon S. Risk factors for acute renal failure in the intensive care unit. Contrib Nephrol. 2001;132:22–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Uchino S, Doig GS, Bellomo R, et al. Beginning and Ending Supportive Therapy for the Kidney (B.E.S.T.) investigators. Diuretics and mortality in acute renal failure. Crit Care Med 2004;32(8):1669–1677.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Singri N, Ahya SN, Levin ML. Acute renal failure. JAMA. 2003;289(6):747–751.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Thadhani R, Pascual M, Bonventre JV. Acute renal failure. N Engl J Med. 1996;334(22):1448–1460.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Ren Y, Garvin J, Carretero OA. Mechanism involved in bradykinin-induced efferent arteriole dilation. Kidney Int. 2002;62(2):544–549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kramer HJ, Horacek V, Bäcker A, et al. Relative roles of nitric oxide, prostanoids and angiotensin II in the regulation of canine glomerular hemodynamics. A micropuncture study. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2004;27(1):10–17.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Langenberg C, Bellomo R, May C, et al. Renal blood flow in sepsis. Crit Care. 2005;9:R363–R374.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Kellum JA. Prerenal azotemia: still a useful concept? Crit Care Med. 2007;35(6):1630–1631.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Bellomo R, Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, et al. Pre-renal azotemia: a flawed paradigm in critically ill septic patients? Contrib Nephrol. 2007;156:1–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Taber SS, Mueller BA. Drug-associated renal dysfunction. Crit Care Clin. 2006;22(2):357–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Sheridan AM, Bonventre JV. Pathophysiology of ischemic acute renal failure. Contrib Nephrol. 2001;132:7–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Esson ML, Schrier RW. Diagnosis and treatment of acute tubular necrosis. Ann Intern Med. 2002;137:744–752.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Evenepoel P. Acute toxic renal failure. Best Pract Res Clin Anaest. 2004;18(1):37–52.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Langenberg C, Bellomo R, et al. Renal blood flow in experimental septic acute renal failure. Kidney Int. 2006;69:1996–2002.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Bywaters EGL, Beall D. Crush injuries with impairment of renal function. BMJ. 1941;1:427–432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Teschan PE, Post RS, Sith LH, et al. Post-traumatic renal insufficiency in military casualties. I. Clinical characteristics. Am J Med. 1955;18:172–186.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Miller TR, Anderson RJ, Schrier RW, et al. Urinary diagnostic indices in acute renal failure: a prospective study. Ann Int Med. 1978;89:47–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Bellomo R. Urinary biochemistry and microscopy in septic acute renal failure: a systematic review. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;48(5):695–705.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Bagshaw SM, Langenberg C, Wan L, et al. A systematic review of urinary findings in experimental septic acute renal failure. Crit Care Med. 2007;35(6):1592–1598.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Katoli RE, Woods WT, Taylor GJ, et al. Oxygen free radicals and contrast nephropathy. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;32:64–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Kellum JA, Leblanc M, Gibney RTN, et al. Primary prevention of acute renal failure in the critically ill. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2005;11:537–541.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Marenzi G, Bartorelli AL. Recent advances in the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2004;10:505–509.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Briguori C, Airoldi F, Morici N, Colombo A. New pharmacological protocols to prevent or reduce contrast media nephropathy. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2005;53:49–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Lin J, Bonventre JV. Prevention of radiocontrast nephropathy. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2005;14:105–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Mueller C, Buerkle G, Buettner HJ. Prevention of contrast media-associated nephropathy: randomised comparison of 2 hydration regimens in 1620 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Arch Int Med. 2002;162:329–336.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Merten GJ, Burgess WP, Gray LV, et al. Prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy with sodium bicarbonate. A randomised controlled trial. JAMA. 2004;291(19):2328–2334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Rudnick MR, Goldfarb S, Wexler L, et al. The Iohexol Cooperative Study. Nephrotoxicity of ionic and nonionic contrast media in 1196 patients: a randomized trial. Kidney Int 1995;47:254–261.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Tepel M, van der Giet M, Schwarzfeld C, et al. Prevention of radiographic-contrast-agent-induced reductions in renal function by acetylcysteine. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:180–184.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Baker CSR, Wragg A, Kumar S, et al. A rapid protocol for the prevention of contrast-induced renal dysfunction: the RAPPID study. J Am Coll Card. 2003;41:2114–2118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Birck R, Krzossok S, Markowetz F, et al. Acetylcysteine for prevention of contrast nephropathy: meta-analysis. Lancet. 2003;362:598–603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Kshirsagar AV, Poole C, Mottl A, et al. N-Acetylcysteine for the prevention of radiocontrast induced nephropathy: a meta-analysis of prospective controlled trials. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:761–769.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Hoffmann U, Fischereder M, Krüger B, et al. The value of N-Acetylcysteine in the prevention of radiocontrast agent-induced nephropathy seems questionable. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2004;15:407–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Bagshaw SM, Ghali WA. Theophylline for prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. Arch Int Med. 2005;165:1087–1093.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Stone GW, McCullough PA, Tumlin JA, et al. CONTRAST Investigators. Fenoldopam mesylate for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. A randomised controlled trial. JAMA 2003;290(17):2284–2291.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Solomon R, Werner C, Mann D, et al. Effects of saline, mannitol, and furosemide to prevent acute decreases in renal function induced by radiocontrast agents. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1416–1420.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Marenzi G, Marana I, Lauri G, et al. The prevention of radiocontrast-agent-induced nephropathy by hemofiltration. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1333–1340.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Sort P, Navasa M, Arroyo V, et al. Effect of intravenous albumin on renal impairment and mortality in patients with cirrhosis and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:403–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Guevara M, Gines P, Fernandez-Esparrach G, et al. Reversibility of hepatorenal syndrome by prolonged administration of ornipressin and plasma volume expansion. Hepatology. 1998;27:35–41.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Arroyo V, Terra C, Gines P. New treatment of hepatorenal syndrome. Semin Liver Dis. 2006;26(3):254–264.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Cole L, Bellomo R, Silvester W, et al. A prospective, multicenter study of the epidemiology, management and outcome of severe acute renal failure in a “closed” ICU system. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;162:191–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Needham E. Management of acute renal failure. Am Fam Physician. 2005;72:1739–1746.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Bellomo R. How to feed patients with renal dysfunction. Blood Purif. 2002;20:296–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Macias J, Alaka KJ, Murphy MH, et al. Impact of the nutritional regimen on protein catabolism and nitrogen balance in patients with renal failure. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 1996;20:56–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Leverve XM, Cano NJ. Nutritional management in acute illness and acute kidney insufficiency. Contrib Nephrol. 2007;156:112–118.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Cano N, Fiaccadori E, et al. ESPEN (European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition) Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: adult renal failure. Clin Nutr. 2006;25(2):295–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Marshall MR, Golper TA, Shaver MJ, et al. Urea kinetics during sustained low-efficiency dialysis in critically ill patients requiring renal replacement therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 2002;39:556–570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Freire AX, Bridges L, Umpierrez GE, et al. Admission hyperglycemia and other risk factors as predictors of hospital mortality in a medical ICU population. Chest. 2005;128(5):3109–3116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Story D, Ronco C, Bellomo R. A prospective, controlled study of trace element and vitamin concentrations and losses n critically ill patients treated with continuous veno-venous hemofiltration. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:220–223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Chioléro R, Berger MM. Nutritional support during renal replacement therapy. Contrib Nephrol. 2007;156:267–274.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Liangos O, Pereira BJG, Jaber BL. Anemia in acute renal failure: role for erythropoiesis-stimulating proteins? Artif Organs. 2003;27(9):786–791.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Gettings LG, Reynolds HN, Scalea T. Outcome in post-traumatic acute renal failure when continuous renal replacement therapy is applied early vs. late. Intensive Care Med. 1999;25:805–813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Bellomo R, Goldsmith D, Uchino S, et al. Prospective controlled trial of effect of medical emergency team on postoperative morbidity and mortality rates. Crit Care Med. 2004;32:916–921.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Bagshaw SM, Bellomo R. Fluid resuscitation and the septic kidney. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2006;12(6):527–530.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Licari E, Calzavacca P, Ronco C, et al. Fluid resuscitation and the septic kidney: the evidence. Contrib Nephrol. 2007;156:167–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Wiedemann HP, Wheeler AP, Bernard GR. Comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. N Engl J Med. 2006;354:2564–2575.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Finfer F, Bellomo R, Boyce N. A comparison of albumin and saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care unit. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:2247–2256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Bellomo R, Kellum JA, Wisniewski SR, et al. Effects of norepinephrine on the renal vasculature in normal and endotoxemic dogs. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1186–1192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Redl-Wenzel EM, Armbruster C, Edelman G, et al. The effects of norepinephrine on hemodynamics and renal function in severe septic shock. Intensive Care Med. 1993;19:151–154.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Bersten AD, Holt AW. Vasoactive drugs and the importance of renal perfusion pressure. New Horizons. 1995;3:650–661.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. McDonald RH, McNay JL, Goldberg LI, et al. Effects of dopamine in man: augmentation of sodium excretion, glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow. J Clin Invest. 1964;43:1116–1124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. McNay JL, McDonald RH, Goldberg LI. Direct renal vasodilation produced by dopamine in dog. Circ Res. 1965;16:510–517.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. D’Orio V, El Allaf D, Juchmes J, et al. The use of low-dose dopamine in intensive care medicine. Arch Int Physiol Biochim Biophys. 1984;92(Suppl):S11–S20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Hoogenberg K, Smit AJ, Girbers ARJ. Effects of low-dose dopamine on renal and systemic hemodynamics during incremental norepinephrine infusion in healthy volunteers. Crit Care Med. 1998;26:260–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Thompson BT, Cockrill BA. Renal-dose dopamine: a siren song? Lancet. 1994;344:7–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Cuthberston BH, Noble DW. Dopamine in oliguria. Should be used for specific conditions, not as a prophylaxis. BMJ. 1997;314:690–691.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Debayeve YA, Van den Berge G. Is there still a place for dopamine in the modern intensive care unit? Anesth Analg. 2004;98:461–468.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Kellum JA, Decker JM. Use of dopamine in acute renal failure: a meta-analysis. Crit Care Med. 2001;29(8):1526–1531.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Marik PE. Low dose dopamine: a systemic review. Int Care Med. 2002;28:877–883.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Friedrich JO, Adhikari N, Herridge MS, et al. Meta-analysis: low dose dopamine increases urine output but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:510–524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Zacharias M, Gilmore ICS, Herbison GP, et al. Interventions for protecting renal function in the perioperative period. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(3):CD003590.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Kellum JA. The use of diuretics and dopamine in acute renal failure: a systematic review of the evidence. Crit Care Med. 1997;1:53–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Holmes CL, Walley KR. Bed medicine: low dose dopamine in the ICU. Chest. 2003;123:1266–1275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Jones D, Bellomo R. Renal-dose dopamine: from hypothesis to paradigm to dogma to myth and, finally, superstition? J Intensive Care Med. 2005;20:199–211.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. The Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group. A multicenter, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of low dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction. Lancet 2000;356:2139–2143.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Duke GJ, Briedis JH, Weaver RA. Renal support in critically ill patients: low-dose dopamine or low-dose dobutamine? Crit Care Med. 1994;22:1919–1925.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Denton MD, Chertow GM, Brady HR. “Renal-dose” dopamine for the treatment of acute renal failure: scientific rationale, experimental studies and clinical trials. Kidney Int. 1996;49:4–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  94. Dehan A, Ward D, van den Elsen M, et al. Influence of reduced carotid body drive during sustained hypoxia or hypoxic depression of ventilation in humans. J Appl Physiol. 1996;81:565–572.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Nevière R, Mathieu D, Chagnon JL, et al. The contrasting effects of dobutamine and dopamine on gastric mucosal perfusion in septic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1996;154:1684–1688.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Dive A, Foret F, Jamart J, et al. Effects of dopamine on gastrointestinal motility during critical illness. Int Care Med. 2000;26:901–907.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Bernton EW, Meltzer MS, Holaday JW. Suppression of macrophage activation and T-lymphocyte function in hypoprolactinemic mice. Science. 1988;239:401–404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Devins SS, Miller A, Herndon BL, et al. Effects of dopamine on T-lymphocyte proliferative responses and serum prolactin concentrations in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med. 1992;20:1644–1649.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Van den Berge G, de Zegher F, Lauwers P. Dopamine suppresses pituitary function in infants and children. Crit Care Med. 1994;22:1747–1753.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Van den Berge G, de Zegher F, Lauwers P. Dopamine and the sick euthyroid syndrome in critical illness. Clin Endocrinol. 1994;41:731–737.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  101. Juste RN, Moran L, Hooper J, et al. Dopamine clearance in critically ill patients. Int Care Med. 1998;24:1217–1220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Allison NL, Dubb JW, Ziemniak JA, et al. The effect of fenoldopam, a dopaminergic agonist, on renal hemodynamics. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1987;41:282–288.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Singer I, Epstein M. Potential of dopamine A-1 agonists in the management of acute renal failure. Am J Kidney Dis. 1998;31:743–755.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Mathur VS, Swan SK, Lambrecht LJ, et al. The effects of fenoldopam, a selective dopamine receptor agonist, on systemic and renal hemodynamics in normotensive subjects. Crit Care Med. 1999;27:1832–1837.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Halpenny M, Lakshmi S, O’Donnell A, et al. Fenoldopam: renal and splanchnic effects in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Anaesthesia. 2001;56(10):953–960.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Halpenny M, Rushe C, Breen P, et al. The effects of fenoldopam on renal function in patients undergoing elective aortic surgery. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2002;19(1):32–39.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Bove T, Landoni G, Calabrò MG, et al. Renoprotective action of fenoldopam in high risk patients undergoing cardiac surgery. Circulation. 2005;111:3230–3235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Caimmi PP, Pagani L, Micalizzi E, et al. Fenoldopam for renal protection in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2003;17(4):491–494.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Russo D, Memoli B, Andreucci VE. The place of loop diuretics in the treatment of acute and chronic renal failure. Clin Nephrol. 1992;38(Suppl 1):S69–S73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Swärd K, Valsson F, Sellgren J, et al. Differential effects of human atrial natriuretic peptide and furosemide on glomerular filtration rate and renal oxygen consumption in human. Int Care Med. 2005;31(1):79–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  111. Mehta RL, Pascual MT, Soroko S, et al. PICARD Study Group. Diuretics, mortality and nonrecovery of renal function in acute renal failure. JAMA 2002;288(20):2547–2553.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Ho KM, Sheridan DJ. Meta-analysis of frusemide to prevent or treat acute renal failure. BMJ. 2006;333:420–426.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Bagshaw S, Delaney A, Haase M, et al. Loop diuretics in the management of acute renal failure: a systemic review and meta-analysis. Crit Care Resusc. 2007;9(1):60–68.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Girbes AR. Prevention of acute renal failure: role of vaso-active drugs, mannitol and diuretics. Int J Artif Organs. 2004;27(12):1049–1053.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Ali F, Guglin M, Vaitkevicius P, et al. Therapeutic potential of vasopressin receptor antagonists. Drugs. 2007;67(6):847–858.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Holmes CL, Walley KR. Vasopressin in the ICU. Curr Opin Crit Care. 2004;10(6):442–448.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Bellomo R, Ronco C. Indications and criteria for initiating renal replacement therapy in the intensive care unit. Kidney Int. 1998;53(Suppl 66):S106–S109.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Intensive Care, Austin Hospital, Victoria, Australia

    Paolo Calzavacca MD (Research Fellow), Elisa Licari MD (Research Fellow) & Rinaldo Bellomo MD, FRACP, FJFICM (Professor)

Authors
  1. Paolo Calzavacca MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Elisa Licari MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Rinaldo Bellomo MD, FRACP, FJFICM
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgical Critical Care Division of Surgery, The Lahey Clinic Medical Center, Burlington, MA, USA

    John M. O’Donnell (Director, Surgical Intensive Care Unit Chairman) (Director, Surgical Intensive Care Unit Chairman)

  2. University Hospital Intensive Care Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

    Flávio E. Nácul

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Calzavacca, P., Licari, E., Bellomo, R. (2010). Acute Kidney Injury. In: O’Donnell, J.M., Nácul, F.E. (eds) Surgical Intensive Care Medicine. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77893-8_38

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77893-8_38

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-77892-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-77893-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation