Abstract
There have been increasing interests in metamaterials in the past 10 years in the scientific communities. However, metamaterials are sometimes regarded as left-handed materials or negative refractive index materials by a lot of people including researchers. In fact, the rapid development in this exciting area has shown that metamaterials are far beyond left-handed materials. In this chapter, we will clarify what metamaterial is and report the recent progress on metamaterials. We also summarize the important issues for the development and future of metamaterials, including the optical transformation, effective medium theory for periodic structures, broadband and low-loss metamaterials, rapid design of metamaterials, and potential applications. The impact of computational electromagnetics on metamaterials is briefly discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Altman, J.L.: Microwave circuits. Van Nostrand Reinhold, Princeton, NJ, 304 (1964)
Baena, J.D., Bonache, J., Martin, F., et al.: Equivalent-circuit models for split- ring resonators and complementary split-ring resonators coupled to planar transmission lines. IEEE Trans. Micro. Theo. Tech. 53, 1451–1461 (2005)
Baena, J.D., Marques, R., Medina, F., Martel, J.: Artificial magnetic metamaterial design by using spiral resonators. Phys. Rev. B 69, 014402 (2004)
Caloz, C., Itoh, T.: Application of the transmission line theory of left-handed (LH) materials to the realization of a microstrip LH transmission line. IEEE-AP-S Digest 2, 412–415, San Antonio, TX (2002)
Caloz, C., Itoh, T.: Transmission line approach of left-handed (LH) structures and microstrip realization of a low-loss broadband LH filter. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 52, 1159–1166 (2004)
Caloz, C., Itoh, T.: Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications. Wiley-IEEE Press (2006)
Chen, H., Chan, C.T.: Transformation media that rotate electromagnetic fields. Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 241105 (2007)
Chew, W.C., Jin, J.-M., Michielssen, E., Song, J.-M.: Fast and efficient algorithms in computational electromagnetics. Artech House Publishers, Boston (2001)
Chin, J.Y., Lu, M., Cui, T.J.: Metamaterial polarizers by electric-field-coupled resonators. Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 251903 (2008)
Chin, J.Y., Gollub, J.G., Mock, J.J., Liu, R., Harrison, C., Smith, D.R., Cui, T.J.: An efficient broadband metamaterial wave retarder. Opt. Express 17, 7640–7647 (2009)
Cui, T.J., Ma, H.F., Liu, R., Zhao, B., Cheng, Q., Chin, J.Y.: A symmetrical circuit model describing all kinds of circuit metamaterials. Progr. Electromagn. Res. B 5, 63–76 (2008)
Cui, T.J., Kong, J.A.: Time-domain electromagnetic energy in a frequency-dispersive lefthanded medium. Phys. Rev. B 70, 205106 (2004)
Cui, T.J., Cheng, Q., Lu, W.B., Jiang, Q., Kong, J.A.: Localization of electromagnetic energy using a left-handed medium slab. Phys. Rev. B 71, 045114 (2005)
Falcone, F., Lopetegi, T., Laso, M.A.G., et al.: Babinet principle applied to metasurface and metamaterial design. Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 197401 (2004)
Fang, N., et al.: Sub-diffraction-limited optical imaging with a silver superlens. Science 308, 53 (2005)
Grbic, A., Eleftheriadesm, G.V.: Overcoming the diffraction limit with a planar left-handed transmission-line lens. Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 117403 (2004)
Huangfu, J., Ran, L.X., Chen, H.S., Zhang, X.M., Chen, K.S., Grzegorczyk, T.M., Kong, J.A.: Experimental confirmation of negative refractive index of a metamaterial composed of Omega-like metallic patterns. App. Phys. Lett. 84, 1537–1539 (2004)
Huangfu, J., Xi, S., Kong, F., Zhang, J., Chen, H., Wang, D., Wu, B.-I., Ran, L., Kong, J.A.: Application of coordinate transformation in bent waveguides. J. Appl. Phys. 104, 014502 (2008)
Hutter, R.G.E.: Beam and wave electronics in microwave tubes. Van Nostrand Reinhold, Princeton, NJ, 220–230 (1960)
Iyer, A.K., Eleftheriades, G.V.: Negative refractive index metamaterials supporting 2-D waves. IEEE-MTT-S 2, 412–415, Seattle, WA (2002)
Iyer, A.K., Kremer, P.C., Eleftheriades, G.V.: Experimental and theoretical verification of focusing in a large, periodically loaded transmission line negative refractive index metamaterial. Opt. Express 11, 696–708 (2003)
Jiang, W.X., Cui, T.J., Cheng, Q., Chin, J.Y., Yang, X.M., Liu, R., Smith, D.R.: Design of arbitrarily shaped concentrators based on conformally optical transformation of nonuniform rational B-spline surfaces. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 264101 (2008)
Jiang, W.X., Cui, T.J., Ma, H.F., Zhou, X.Y., Cheng, Q.: Cylindrical-to-plane-wave conversion via embedded optical transformation. Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 261903 (2008)
Jiang, W.X., Cui, T.J., Zhou, X.Y., Yang, X.M., Cheng, Q.: Arbitrary bending of electromagnetic waves using realizable inhomogeneous and anisotropic materials. Phys. Rev. E 78, 066607 (2008)
Leonhardt, U.: Optical conformal mapping. Science 312, 1777–1780 (2006)
Lin, L., Wang, W., Cui, J., Du, C., Luo, X.: Design of electromagnetic refractor and phase transformer using coordinate transformation theory. Opt. Express 16, 6815 (2008)
Liu, R., Cui, T.J., Huang, D., Zhao, B., Smith, D.R.: Description and explanation of electromagnetic behaviors in artificial metamaterials based on effective medium theory. Phys. Rev. E 76, 026606 (2007)
Liu, R., Ji, C., Mock, J.J., Chin, J.Y., Cui, T.J., Smith, D.R.: Broadband ground-plane cloak. Science 323, 366 (2009)
Ma, H.F., Chen, X., Yang, X.M., Cui, T.J.: High-gain beam scanning antennas realized by gradient index metamaterials. Phys. Rev. E (to be published) (2009)
Ma, H.F., Chen, X., Yang, X.M., Xu, H.S., Cheng, Q., Cui, T.J.: A broadband metamaterial cylindrical lens antenna. Chin. Sci. Bull. (to be published) (2009)
Malyuzhinets, G.D.: A note on the radiation principle. Zhurnal Technicheskoi Fiziki 21, 940–942 (1951) (in Russian)
Mandlshtam, L.: Group velocity in a crystal lattice. Zhurnal Eksperimentalnoii Teoreticheskoi Fiziki 15, 476–478 (1945) (in Russian. English translation in Sov. Phys. ZETF)
Oliner, A.A.: A periodic-structure negative-refractive-index medium without resonant elements. IEEE-AP-S Digest, San Antonio, TX, p. 41 (2002)
Pendry, J.B.: Negative refraction makes a perfect lens. Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3966 (2000)
Pendry, J.B., Holden, A.J., Robbins, D.J., Stewart, W.J.: Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena. IEEE Trans. Micro. Theory Tech. 47, 2075–2084 (1999)
Pendry, J.B., Holden, A.J., Stewart, W.J., Youngs, I.: Extremely low frequency plasmons in metallic mesostructures. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 4773–4776 (1996)
Pendry, J.B., Schurig, D., Smith, D.R.: Controlling electromagnetic fields. Science 312, 1780–1782 (2006)
Rahm, M., Schurig, D., Roberts, D.A., Cummer, S.A., Smith, D.R., Pendry, J.B.: Design of electromagnetic cloaks and concentrators using form-invariant coordinate transformations of Maxwell’s equations. Photo. Nano. Fund. Appl. 6, 87 (2008).
Schurig, D., Mock, J.J., Justice, B.J., et al.: Metamaterial electromagnetic cloak at microwave frequencies. Science 314, 977–980 (2006)
Shelby, R.A., Smith, D.R., Schultz, S.: Experimental verification of a negative index of refraction. Science 292, 77–79 (2001)
Silin, R.A.: Waveguiding properties of two-dimensional periodical slow-wave systems. Voprosy Radioelektroniki. Elektronika 4, 11–33 (1959) (in Russian)
Silin, R.A., Sazonov, V.P.: Slow-wave structures. Moscow, Soviet Radio (1966) (in Russian)
Simovski, C.R., Belov, P.A., He, S.: Backward wave region and negative material parameters of a structure formed by lattices of wires and split-ring resonators. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. 51, 2582 (2003)
Sivukhin, D.V.: The energy of electromagnetic waves in dispersive media. Opt. Spektrosk. 3, 308–312 (1957)
Smith, D.R., Padilla, W.J., Vier, D.C., Nemat-Nasser, S.C., Schultz, S.: Composite medium with simultaneously negative permeability and permittivity. Phys. Rev. Lett. 84, 4184 (2000)
Smith, D.R., Schurig, D., Rosenbluth, M., Schultz, S., Ramakrishna, S.A., Pendry, J.B.: Limitations on subdiffraction imaging with a negative refractive index slab. App. Phys. Lett. 82, 1506 (2003)
Smith, D.R., Mock, J.J., Starr, A.F., Schurig, D.: Gradient index metamaterials. Phys. Rev. E 71, 036609 (2005)
Smith, D.R., Pendry, J.B.: Homogenization of metamaterials by field averaging. J. Opt. Soc. Amer. B 23, 391 (2006)
Smith, D.R., Vier, D.C., Koschny, T., Soukoulis, C.M.: Electromagnetic parameter retrieval from inhomogeneous metamaterials. Phys. Rev. E 71, 036617 (2005)
Tretyakov, S.A.: Research on negative refraction and backward-wave media: A historical perspective. Negative refraction: revisiting electromagnetics from microwaves to optics, EPFL Latsis Symposium, Lausanne (2005)
Veselago, V.G.: The electrodynamics of substances with simultaneously negative values of ? and μ. Sov. Phys. Usp. 10, 509 (1968)
Weiglhofer, W.S., Lakhtakia, A.: Introduction to complex mediums for optics and electromagnetics. SPIE Press, Bellingham, WA, USA (2003)
Acknowledgments
This work was supported in part by a major project of the National Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 60990320 and 60990324, the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province under Grant No. BK2008031, the National Basic Research Program (973) of China under Grant No. 2004CB719802, the National Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 60871016, 60671015, and 60621002, and in part by the 111 Project under Grant No. 111-2-05.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cui, T.J., Liu, R., Smith, D.R. (2010). Introduction to Metamaterials. In: Cui, T., Smith, D., Liu, R. (eds) Metamaterials. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0573-4_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4419-0572-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4419-0573-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)