Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Malaria in Pregnancy and the Newborn

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Book cover Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VI

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 659))

Abstract

Each year, 40% of the world’s population is exposed to the risk of malaria infection. Approximately 500 million people suffer clinical disease episodes of malaria, and around one million die from it. The greater part of the world’s malaria burden falls on Africa, but recent analyses suggest the amount of malaria in Asia has been underestimated (Snow et al., 2005). Five Plasmodium species infect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi. The last, which is a common parasite of monkeys, has only recently been described as a human pathogen (Singh et al., ), but appears to be quite widespread in South East Asia. The great majority of severe disease episodes and deaths are due to P. falciparum, but it is becoming increasingly clear that P. vivax can also cause severe disease episodes and deaths (Genton et al., ; Tjitra et al., ). The main presentations of severe and life-threatening malaria are severe anaemia, cerebral malaria (unrouseable coma associated with malaria infection) and respiratory distress.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Bardaji, A., Sigauque, B., Bruni, L., Romagosa, C., Sanz, S., Mabunda, S., Mandomando, I., Aponte, J., Sevene, E., Alonso, P.L., & Menendez, C. (2008). Clinical malaria in African pregnant women. Malar J, (7), 27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barker, D.J. (2006). Adult consequences of fetal growth restriction. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, (49), 270–283.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Beeson, J.G., Brown, G.V., Molyneux, M.E., Mhango, C., Dzinjalamala, F., & Rogerson, S.J. (1999). Plasmodium falciparum isolates from infected pregnant women and children are associated with distinct adhesive and antigenic properties. J Infect Dis, (180), 464–472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brabin, B.J. (1983). An analysis of malaria in pregnancy in Africa. Bull WHO, (61), 1005–1016.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brabin, B.J., Agbaje, S.O., Ahmed, Y., & Briggs, N.D. (1999). A birthweight nomogram for Africa, as a malaria-control indicator. Ann Trop Med Parasitol, 93 (Suppl 1), S43–S57.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brabin, B.J. & Rogerson, S.J. (2001). The epidemiology and outcomes of maternal malaria. In: P.E. Duffy, M. Fried (Eds.) Malaria in Pregnancy Deadly Parasite, Susceptible Host. pp. 27–52. London and New York: Taylor and Francis.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brabin, L. (2004). The adolescent health gap in developing countries. Ann Trop Paediatr, (24), 115–116.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, R.L., White, T.E., S, A.C., Gaunt, I., Winstanley, P., & Ward, S.A. (2004). Developmental toxicity of artesunate and an artesunate combination in the rat and rabbit. Birth Defects Res B Dev Reprod Toxicol, (71), 380–394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coulibaly, S.O., Gies, S., & D’Alessandro, U. (2007). Malaria burden among pregnant women living in the rural district of Boromo, Burkina Faso. Am J Trop Med Hyg, (77), 56–60.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desai, M., ter Kuile, F.O., Nosten, F., McGready, R., Asamoa, K., Brabin, B., & Newman, R.D. (2007). Epidemiology and burden of malaria in pregnancy. Lancet Infect Dis, (7), 93–104.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dondorp, A., Nosten, F., Stepniewska, K., Day, N., & White, N. (2005). Artesunate versus quinine for treatment of severe falciparum malaria: a randomised trial. Lancet, (366), 717–725.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, M.F., Byrne, T.J., Elliott, S.R., Wilson, D., Rogerson, S.J., Beeson, J.G., Noviyanti, R., & Brown, G.V. (2005). Broad analysis reveals a consistent pattern of var gene transcription in Plasmodium falciparum repeatedly selected for a defined adhesion phenotype. Mol Microbiol, (56), 774–788.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, M.F., Caragounis, A., Noviyanti, R., Kyriacou, H.M., Choong, E.K., Boysen, K., Healer, J., Rowe, J.A., Molyneux, M.E., Brown, G.V., & Rogerson, S.J. (2006a). Transcribed var genes associated with placental malaria in Malawian women. Infect Immun, 74(8), 4875–4883.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, M.F., Maier, A.G., Byrne, T.J., Marty, A.J., Elliott, S.R., O’Neill, M.T., Payne, P.D., Rogerson, S.J., Cowman, A.F., Crabb, B.S., & Brown, G.V. (2006b). VAR2SCA is the principal ligand for chondroitin sulfate A in two allogeneic isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. Mol Biochem Parasitol, (148), 117–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duffy, P.E. & Fried, M. (2003). Antibodies that inhibit Plasmodium falciparum adhesion to chondroitin sulfate A are associated with increased birth weight and the gestational age of newborns. Infect Immun, (71), 6620–6623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, P.R. (2003). Malaria and newborns. J Trop Pediatr, (49), 132–134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Francis, S.E., Malkov, V.A., Oleinikov, A.V., Rossnagle, E., Wendler, J.P., Mutabingwa, T.K., Fried, M., & Duffy, P.E. (2007). Six genes are preferentially transcribed by the circulating and sequestered forms of Plasmodium falciparum parasites that infect pregnant women. Infect Immun, (75), 4838–4850.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fried, M., Domingo, G.J., Gowda, C.D., Mutabingwa, T.K., & Duffy, P.E. (2006). Plasmodium falciparum: chondroitin sulfate A is the major receptor for adhesion of parasitized erythrocytes in the placenta. Exp Parasitol, 113(1), 36–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fried, M. & Duffy, P.E. (1996). Adherence of Plasmodium falciparum to chondroitin sulfate A in the human placenta. Science, (272), 1502–1504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fried, M., Muga, R.O., Misore, A.O., & Duffy, P.E. (1998). Malaria elicits type 1 cytokines in the human placenta: IFN-γ and TNF-α associated with pregnancy outcomes. J Immunol, (160), 2523–2530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garner, P., & Gulmezoglu, A.M. (2006). Drugs for preventing malaria in pregnant women. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, CD000169.

    Google Scholar 

  • Genton, B., D’Acremont, V., Rare, L., Baea, K., Reeder, J.C., Alpers, M.P., & Mueller, I.M. (2008). Plasmodium vivax and mixed infections are associated with severe malaria in children: a prospective cohort study from Papua New Guinea. PLoS Med, (5), e127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Green, M.D., van Eijk, A.M., van Ter Kuile, F.O., Ayisi, J.G., Parise, M.E., Kager, P.A., Nahlen, B.L., Steketee, R., & Nettey, H. (2007). Pharmacokinetics of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine in HIV-infected and uninfected pregnant women in Western Kenya. J Infect Dis, (196), 1403–1408.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guyatt, H.L. & Snow, R.W. (2001). The epidemiology and burden of Plasmodium falciparum-related anemia among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 64 (Suppl), 36–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guyatt, H.L. & Snow, R.W. (2004). Impact of malaria during pregnancy on low birth weight in sub-Saharan Africa. Clin Microbiol Rev, (17), 760–769, table of contents.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Haase, R.N., Megnekou, R., Lundquist, M., Ofori, M.F., Hviid, L., & Staalsoe, T. (2006). Plasmodium falciparum parasites expressing pregnancy-specific variant surface antigens adhere strongly to the choriocarcinoma cell line BeWo. Infect Immun, (74), 3035–3038.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hart, C.A. (1988). Pregnancy and host resistance. Baillieres Clin Immunol Allergy, (2), 735–757.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hviid, L. (2004). The immuno-epidemiology of pregnancy-associated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: a variant surface antigen-specific perspective. Parasite Immunol, (26), 477–486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hviid, L. & Staalsoe, T. (2004). Malaria immunity in infants: a special case of a general phenomenon? Trends Parasitol, (20), 66–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Hesran, J.Y., Cot, M., Personne, P., Fievet, N., Dubois, B., Beyeme, M., Boudin, C., & Deloron, P. (1997). Maternal placental infection with Plasmodium falciparum and malaria morbidity during the first 2 years of life. Am J Epidemiol, (146), 826–831.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lesko, C.R., Arguin, P.M., & Newman, R.D. (2007). Congenital malaria in the United States: a review of cases from 1966 to 2005. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med, (161), 1062–1067.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, S., Ansell, J., Selman, C., Cox, V., Hamilton, K., & Walraven, G. (2000). Effect of pregnancy on exposure to malaria mosquitoes. Lancet, (355), 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucchi, N.W., Koopman, R., Peterson, D.S., & Moore, J.M. (2006). Plasmodium falciparum-infected red blood cells selected for binding to cultured syncytiotrophoblast bind to chondroitin sulfate A and induce tyrosine phosphorylation in the syncytiotrophoblast. Placenta, (27), 384–394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malhotra, I., Mungai, P., Muchiri, E., Kwiek, J.J., Meshnick, S.R., & King, C.L. (2006). Umbilical cord-blood infections with Plasmodium falciparum malaria are acquired antenatally in kenya. J Infect Dis, (194), 176–183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marsh, K. & Kinyanjui, S. (2006). Immune effector mechanisms in malaria. Parasite Immunol, (28), 51–60.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maubert, B., Fievet, N., Tami, G., Cot, M., Boudin, C., & Deloron, P. (1999). Development of antibodies against chondroitin sulfate A-adherent Plasmodium falciparum in pregnant women. Infect Immun, (67), 5367–5371.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Menendez, C. & Mayor, A. (2007). Congenital malaria: the least known consequence of malaria in pregnancy. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med, (12), 207–213.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Menendez, C., Ordi, J., Ismail, M.R., Ventura, P.J., Aponte, J.J., Kahigwa, E., Font, F., & Alonso, P.L. (2000). The impact of placental malaria on gestational age and birth weight. J Infect Dis, (181), 1740–1745.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moormann, A.M., Sullivan, A.D., Rochford, R.A., Chensue, S.W., Bock, P.J., Nyirenda, T., & Meshnick, S.R. (1999). Malaria and pregnancy: placental cytokine expression and its relationship to intrauterine growth retardation. J Infect Dis, (180), 1987–1993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mutabingwa, T.K., Bolla, M.C., Li, J.L., Domingo, G.J., Li, X., Fried, M., & Duffy, P.E. (2005). Maternal malaria and gravidity interact to modify infant susceptibility to malaria. PLoS Med, (2), e407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nosten, F., McGready, R., Simpson, J.A., Thwai, K.L., Balkan, S., Cho, T., Hkirijaroen, L., Looareesuwan, S., & White, N.J. (1999). Effects of Plasmodium vivax malaria in pregnancy. Lancet, (354), 546–549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parise, M.E., Ayisi, J.G., Nahlen, B.L., Schultz, L.J., Roberts, J.M., Misore, A., Muga, R., Oloo, A.J., & Steketee, R.W. (1998). Efficacy of sufadoxine-pyrimethamine for prevention of placental malaria in an area of Kenya with a high prevalence of malaria and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Am J Trop Med Hyg, (59), 813–822.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips-Howard, P.A. & Wood, D. (1996). The safety of antimalarial drugs in pregnancy. Drug Saf, (14), 131–145.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poespoprodjo, J.R., Fobia, W., Kenangalem, E., Lampah, D.A., Warikar, N., Seal, A., McGready, R., Sugiarto, P., Tjitra, E., Anstey, N.M., & Price, R.N. (2008). Adverse pregnancy outcomes in an area where multidrug-resistant plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum infections are endemic. Clin Infect Dis, (46), 1374–1381.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riley, E.M., Wagner, G.E., Akanmori, B.D., & Koram, K.A. (2001). Do maternally acquired antibodies protect infants from malaria infection? Parasite Immunol, (23), 51–59.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogerson, S.J., Brown, H.C., Pollina, E., Abrams, E.T., Tadesse, E., Lema, V.M., & Molyneux, M.E. (2003a). Placental tumor necrosis factor alpha but not gamma interferon is associated with placental malaria and low birth weight in Malawian women. Infect Immun, (71), 267–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogerson, S.J., Chaiyaroj, S.C., Ng, K., Reeder, J.C., & Brown, G.V. (1995). Chondroitin sulfate A is a cell surface receptor for Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes. J Exp Med, (182), 15–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogerson, S.J., Chaluluka, E., Kanjala, M., Mkundika, P., Mhango, C.G., & Molyneux, M.E. (2000). Intermittent sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine in pregnancy: effectiveness against malaria morbidity in Blantyre, Malawi 1997–1999. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, (94), 549–553.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogerson, S.J., Hviid, L., Duffy, P.E., Leke, R.F., & Taylor, D.W. (2007). Malaria in pregnancy: pathogenesis and immunity. Lancet Infect Dis, (7), 105–117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogerson, S.J. & Menendez, C. (2006). Treatment and prevention of malaria in pregnancy: opportunities and challenges. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther, (4), 687–702.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogerson, S.J., Pollina, E., Getachew, A., Tadesse, E., Lema, V.M., & Molyneux, M.E. (2003b). Placental monocyte infiltrates in response to Plasmodium falciparum infection and their association with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Am J Trop Med Hyg, (68), 115–119.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Salanti, A., Dahlback, M., Turner, L., Nielsen, M.A., Barfod, L., Magistrado, P., Jensen, A.T., Lavstsen, T., Ofori, M.F., Marsh, K., Hviid, L., & Theander, T.G. (2004). Evidence for the Involvement of VAR2SCA in pregnancy-associated Malaria. J Exp Med, (200), 1197–1203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salanti, A., Staalsoe, T., Lavstsen, T., Jensen, A.T., Sowa, M.P., Arnot, D.E., Hviid, L., & Theander, T.G. (2003). Selective upregulation of a single distinctly structured var gene in chondroitin sulphate A-adhering Plasmodium falciparum involved in pregnancy-associated malaria. Mol Microbiol, (49), 179–191.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saute, F., Menendez, C., Mayor, A., Aponte, J., Gomez-Olive, X., Dgedge, M., & Alonso, P. (2002). Malaria in pregnancy in rural Mozambique: the role of parity, submicroscopic and multiple Plasmodium falciparum infections. Trop Med Int Health, (7), 19–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, B., Kim Sung, L., Matusop, A., Radhakrishnan, A., Shamsul, S.S., Cox-Singh, J., Thomas, A., & Conway, D.J. (2004). A large focus of naturally acquired Plasmodium knowlesi infections in human beings. Lancet, (363), 1017–1024.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh, N., Shukla, M.M., & Sharma, V.P. (1999). Epidemiology of malaria in pregnancy in central India. Bull WHO, (77), 567–572.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, R.W., Guerra, C.A., Noor, A.M., Myint, H.Y., & Hay, S.I. (2005). The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Nature, (434), 214–217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staalsoe, T., Shulman, C.E., Bulmer, J.N., Kawuondo, K., Marsh, K., & Hviid, L. (2004). Variant surface antigen-specific IgG and protection against clinical consequences of pregnancy-associated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Lancet, (363), 283–289.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steketee, R.W., Nahlen, B.L., Parise, M.E., & Menendez, C. (2001). The burden of malaria in pregnancy in malaria-endemic areas. Am J Trop Med Hyg, (64), 28–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suguitan, A.L., Jr., Leke, R.G., Fouda, G., Zhou, A., Thuita, L., Metenou, S., Fogako, J., Megnekou, R., & Taylor, D.W. (2003). Changes in the levels of chemokines and cytokines in the placentas of women with Plasmodium falciparum malaria. J Infect Dis, (188), 1074–1082.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tagbor, H., Bruce, J., Browne, E., Greenwood, B., & Chandramohan, D. (2008). Malaria in pregnancy in an area of stable and intense transmission: is it asymptomatic? Trop Med Int Health, 13(8), 1016-1021.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • ter Kuile, F.O., van Eijk, A.M., & Filler, S.J. (2007). Effect of sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine resistance on the efficacy of intermittent preventive therapy for malaria control during pregnancy: a systematic review. Jama, (297), 2603–2616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tjitra, E., Anstey, N.M., Sugiarto, P., Warikar, N., Kenangalem, E., Karyana, M., Lampah, D.A., & Price, R.N. (2008). Multidrug-resistant Plasmodium vivax associated with severe and fatal malaria: A prospective study in Papua, Indonesia. PLoS Med, (5), e128.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tobian, A.A.R., Mehlotra, R.K., Malhotra, I., Wamachi, A., Mungai, P., Koech, D., Ouma, J., Zimmerman, P., & King, C.L. (2000). Frequent umbilical cord-blood and maternal-blood infections with Plasmodium falciparum, P. malariae and P. ovale in Kenya. J Infect Dis, (182), 558–563.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tuikue Ndam, N., Bischoff, E., Proux, C., Lavstsen, T., Salanti, A., Guitard, J., Nielsen, M.A., Coppee, J.Y., Gaye, A., Theander, T., David, P.H., & Deloron, P. (2008). Plasmodium falciparum transcriptome analysis reveals pregnancy malaria associated gene expression. PLoS ONE, (3), e1855.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tuikue Ndam, N.G., Salanti, A., Bertin, G., Dahlback, M., Fievet, N., Turner, L., Gaye, A., Theander, T., & Deloron, P. (2005). High level of var2sca transcription by Plasmodium falciparum isolated from the placenta. J Infect Dis, (192), 331–335.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Viebig, N.K., Gamain, B., Scheidig, C., Lepolard, C., Przyborski, J., Lanzer, M., Gysin, J., & Scherf, A. (2005). A single member of the Plasmodium falciparum var multigene family determines cytoadhesion to the placental receptor chondroitin sulphate A. EMBO Rep, (6), 775–781.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vleugels, M.P.H., Brabin, B., Eling, W.M.C., & de Graaf, R. (1989). Cortisol and Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women in Kenya. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg, (83), 173–177.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, P.R., Garin, Y., & Blot, P. (1982). Placental pathologic changes in malaria. A histologic and ultrastructural study. Am J Pathol, (109), 330–342.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, S.A., Sevene, E.J., Hastings, I.M., Nosten, F., & McGready, R. (2007). Antimalarial drugs and pregnancy: safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacovigilance. Lancet Infect Dis, (7), 136–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yosaatmadja, F., Andrews, K.T., Duffy, M.F., Brown, G.V., Beeson, J.G., & Rogerson, S.J. (2008). Characterization of VAR2SCA-deficient Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes selected for adhesion to the BeWo placental cell line. Malar J, (7), 51.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

Stephen Rogerson is supported by the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia and the Malaria in Pregnancy Consortium.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine (RMH/WH), Post Office Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050, Parkville, VIC, Australia

    Stephen J. Rogerson

Authors
  1. Stephen J. Rogerson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stephen J. Rogerson .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Child Life and Health, University of Bristol, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8AE, United Kingdom

    Adam Finn

  2. Royal Children's Hosp., University of Melbourne, Parkville , 3052, Australia

    Nigel Curtis

  3. University of Oxford, Level 4,John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, United Kingdom

    Andrew J. Pollard

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Rogerson, S.J. (2010). Malaria in Pregnancy and the Newborn. In: Finn, A., Curtis, N., Pollard, A. (eds) Hot Topics in Infection and Immunity in Children VI. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 659. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0981-7_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation