Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Earthquake Damage : Detection and Early Warning in Man-Made Structures

  • Reference work entry
Extreme Environmental Events

Article Outline

Glossary

Definition of the Subject

Introduction

Literature Review

Damage and Damage-Sensitive Features

Structural Models and Identification

Examples

Future Directions

Bibliography

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 599.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

Structural health monitoring :

Is the process of determining and tracking the structural integrity and assessing the nature of damage in a structure. It is often used interchangeably with structural damage detection.

Inter‐story drift :

Is the ratio between the relative horizontal displacements at two levels of the structure and the distance between them. It is important to distinguish between drift resulting from deformation of the structure, which is directly related to damage, and drift resulting from the deformation of the soil and rocking of the structure as a rigid body. It is also important to estimate reliably the drift due to permanent displacement (its “DC” component), which cannot be done reliably using data from vibrational sensors unless six degrees of freedom of motion (three translations and three rotations) are recorded.

Soil‐structure interaction (SSI):

Is a process occurring during vibration of structures founded on flexible soil, in which the structure and soil interact, and their motions are modified. Kinematic interaction refers to the effects of scattering and diffraction of the incident seismic waves from the soil excavation for the foundation. Dynamic interaction refers to the effects caused by the inertia forces of the structure and foundation, which lead to deformation of the soil, and results in modification of the resonant frequencies and damping of the response of the structure, foundation and soil acting as a system.

Resonant frequencies of vibration:

Of a structure on flexible soil are those of the soil‐structure system, and the energy of the vibrational response is concentrated around these frequencies. They depend on the stiffness of the building and that of the soil. Fixed‐base frequencies of vibration are the resonant frequencies of the structure on rigid soil, and depend only on the stiffness of the structure. Loss of stiffness of the structure due to damage results in reduction of the fixed‐base frequencies, and indirectly of the system frequencies. Monitoring changes in the fixed‐base frequencies is most reliable because it eliminates the effects of the soil, which can exhibit (recoverable) nonlinear behavior during strong shaking.

Bibliography

  1. Applied Technology Council (1989) Procedures for post-earthquake safety evaluation of buildings. Report ATC-20. Redwood City

    Google Scholar 

  2. Beltrami E (1987) Mathematics for Dynamic Modeling. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

  3. Carder DS (1936) Vibration observations. In: Earthquake Investigations in California 1934–1935. US Dept. of Commerce, Coast and Geological Survey, Special Publication No 201. Washington DC, pp 49–106

    Google Scholar 

  4. Carden EP, Fanning P (2004) Vibration Based Condition Monitoring: a Review. Struct Health Monit 3(4):355–377. doi:10.1177/1475921704047500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Celebi M, Sanli A (2002) GPS in pioneering dynamic monitoring of long-period structures. Earthq Spectr 18(1):47–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Celebi M, Sanli A, Sinclair M, Gallant S, Radulescu D (2004) Real-time seismic monitoring needs of a building owner–and the solution: a cooperative effort. Earthq Spectr 20(2):333–346

    Google Scholar 

  7. Chang PC, Flatau A, Liu SC (2003) Review paper: health monitoring of civil infrastructure. Struct Health Monit 2(3):257–267

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Clinton JF, Bradford SK, Heaton TH, Favela J (2006) The observed wander of the natural frequencies in a structure. Bull Seism Soc Am 96(1):237–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Crawford R, Ward HS (1968) Determination of the natural periods of building. Bull Seism Soc Am 54(6A):1743–1756

    Google Scholar 

  10. Doebling SW, Farrar CR, Prime MB (1998) A summary review of vibration-based damage identification methods. Shock Vib Dig 30(2):91–105. doi:10.1177/058310249803000201

  11. Doebling SW, Farrar CR, Prime MB, Shevitz DW (1996) Damage identification and health monitoring of structural and mechanical systems from changes in their vibration characteristics: a literature review. Report LA-13070-MS. Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos

    Google Scholar 

  12. Farrar CR, Worden K (2007) An introduction to structural health monitoring. Phil Trans R Soc A 365:303–315. doi:10.1098/rsta.2006.1928

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Foutch DA, Luco JE, Trifunac MD, Udwadia FE (1975) Full-scale three-dimensional tests of structural deformations during forced excitation of a nine-story reinforced concrete building. Proc. of the US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering. Ann Arbor, pp 206–215

    Google Scholar 

  14. Ghobarah A (2004) On drift limits associated with different damage levels. Proc. of the International Workshop on Performance-Based Design, 28 June–1 July 2004, Bled, Slovenia, pp 4321–332

    Google Scholar 

  15. Graizer VM (1991) Inertial seismometry methods, Izvestiya. Earth Phys Akad Nauk SSSR 27(1):51–61

    Google Scholar 

  16. Graizer VM (2005) Effect of tilt on strong motion data processing. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 25:197–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Hera A, Hou Z (2004) Application of wavelet approach for ASCE structural health monitoring benchmark studies. J Eng Mech ASCE 130(1):96–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Hou Z, Noori M, Amand R (2000) Wavelet-based approach for structural damage detection. J Eng Mech ASCE 126(7):677–683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hudson DE (1970) Dynamic tests of full scale structures. In: Wiegel RL (ed) Earthquake Engineering. Prentice Hall, pp 127–149

    Google Scholar 

  20. Ivanović SS, Trifunac MD, Todorovska MI (2001) On identification of damage in structures via wave travel times. In: Erdik M, Celebi M, Mihailov V, Apaydin N (eds) Proc. of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Strong-Motion Instrumentation for Civil Engineering Structures, 2–5 June, 1999. Kluwer, Istanbul, pp 447–468

    Google Scholar 

  21. Kalkan E, Graizer V (2007) Multi-component ground motion response spectra for coupled horizontal, vertical, angular accelerations and tilt. Indian J Earthq Technol (special issue on Response Spectra) 44(1):259–284

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kanai K (1965) Some new problems of seismic vibrations of a structure. Proc. of the Third World Conf. Earthquake Eng, 22 January, 1 February, 1965. Auckland and Wellington, New Zealand, pp II-260–II-275

    Google Scholar 

  23. Kapitaniak T (1991) Chaotic Oscillations in Mechanical Systems. Manchester Univ. Press, Manchester

    Google Scholar 

  24. Kawakami H, Oyunchimeg M (2003) Normalized input-output minimization analysis of wave propagation in buildings. Eng Struct 25(11):1429–1442

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Kawakami H, Oyunchimeg M (2004) Wave propagation modeling analysis of earthquake records for buildings. J Asian Archit Build Eng 3(1):33–40

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Kohler MD, Heaton T, Bradford SC (2007) Propagating waves in the steel, moment-frame Factor building recorded during earthquakes. Bull Seism Soc Am 97(4):1334–1345

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kojić S, Trifunac MD, Anderson JC (1984) A post earthquake response analysis of the Imperial County Services building in El Centro. Report CE 84-02. University of Southern California, Department of Civil Engineering, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  28. Lee VW, Trifunac MD (1990) Automatic digitization and processing of accelerograms using PC, Dept. of Civil Eng. Report CE 90-03. Univ. Southern California, Los Angeles

    Google Scholar 

  29. Lee WHK, Celebi M, Todorovska MI, Diggles MF (eds) (2007) Rotational Seismology and Engineering Applications. Online Proceedings for the First International Workshop, September 18–19 September, Menlo Park. US Geological Survey, Open-File Report 2007-1144 http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1144

  30. Lighthill J (1994) Chaos: A historical perspective. In: Newman WI, Gabrielov A, Turcotte D (eds) Nonlinear Dynamics and Predictability of Geophysical Phenomena. Geophysical Monograph 83, IUGG, vol 18 pp 1–5

    Google Scholar 

  31. Liu SC, Tomizuka M, Ulsoy G (2006) Strategic issues in sensors and smart structures. Struct Control Health Monit 13:946–957

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Luco JE, Trifunac MD, Udwadia FE (1975) An experimental study of ground deformations caused by soil-structure interaction. Proc. US National Conf. on Earthq. Eng. Ann Arbor, MI, pp 136–145

    Google Scholar 

  33. Luco JE, Trifunac MD, Wong HL (1987) On the apparent change in the dynamic behavior of a nine-story reinforced concrete building. Bull Seism Soc Am 77(6):1961–1983

    Google Scholar 

  34. Luco JE, Trifunac MD, Wong HL (1988) Isolation of soil-structure interaction effects by full-scale forced vibration tests. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 16:1–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Ma J, Pines DJ (2003) Damage detection in a building structure model under seismic excitation using dereverberated wave machines. Eng Struct 25:385–396

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Mallat SG (1989) Multiresolution approximations and wavelet orthonormal bases of L2(R). Trans Am Math Soc 315:69–87

    Google Scholar 

  37. Oyunchimeg M, Kawakami H (2003) A new method for propagation analysis of earthquake waves in damaged buildings: Evolutionary Normalized Input-Output Minimization (NIOM). J Asian Archit Build Eng 2(1):9–16

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Rezai M, Rahmatian P, Ventura C (1998) Seismic data analysis of a seven-storey building using frequency response function and wavelet transform. Proc. of the NEHRP Conference and Workshop on Research on the Northridge, California Earthquake, 17 January, 1994. CUREe, Oakland, pp 421–428

    Google Scholar 

  39. Snieder R, Şafak E (2006) Extracting the building response using interferometry: theory and applications to the Millikan Library in Pasadena, California. Bull Seism Soc Am 96(2):586–598

    Google Scholar 

  40. Sohn H, Farrar CR, Hemez FM, Shunk DD, Stinemates DW, Nadler BR (2003) A Review of Structural Health Monitoring Literature: 1996–2001, Report LA-13976-MS. Los Alamos National Laboratory

    Google Scholar 

  41. Şafak E (1998) Detection of seismic damage in multi-story buildings by using wave propagation analysis. Proc. of the Sixth US National Conf. on Earthquake Eng. EERI, Oakland, Paper No 171, pp 12

    Google Scholar 

  42. Şafak E (1999) Wave propagation formulation of seismic response of multi-story buildings. J Struct Eng ASCE 125(4):426–437

    Google Scholar 

  43. Todorovska MI (1998) Cross-axis sensitivity of accelerographs with pendulum like transducers: mathematical model and the inverse problem. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 27:1031–1051

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Todorovska MI (2009) Seismic interferometry of a soil-structure interaction model with coupled horizontal and rocking response. Bull Seism Soc Am 99-2A (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Todorovska MI (2008) Soil‐structure system indetification of Millikan Library north‐south response during four earthquakes (1970–2002): what caused the observed wandering of the system frequencies? Bull Seism Soc Am 99-2A (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  46. Todorovska MI, Al Rjoub Y (2006) Effects of rainfall on soil-structure system frequency: examples based on poroelasticity and a comparison with full-scale measurements. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 26(6–7):708–717

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Todorovska MI, Al Rjoub Y (2008) Environmental effects on measured structural frequencies – model prediction of short term shift during heavy rainfall and comparison with full-scale observations. Struct Control Health Monit (in press)doi:10.1002/stc.260

  48. Todorovska MI, Lee VW (1989) Seismic waves in buildings with shear walls or central core. J Eng Mech ASCE 115(12):2669–2686

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Todorovska MI, Trifunac MD (1989) Antiplane earthquake waves in long structures. J Eng Mech ASCE 115(12):2687–2708

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Todorovska MI, Trifunac MD (1990) A note on the propagation of earthquake waves in buildings with soft first floor. J Eng Mech ASCE 116(4):892–900

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Todorovska MI, Trifunac MD (2005) Structural Health Monitoring by Detection of Abrupt Changes in Response Using Wavelets: Application to a 6-story RC Building Damaged by an Earthquake. Proc. of the 37th Joint Panel Meeting on Wind and Seismic Effects, 16–21 May, 2005. Tsukuba, Japan. US Japan Natural Resources Program (UJNR), pp 20

    Google Scholar 

  52. Todorovska MI, Trifunac MD (2007) Earthquake damage detection in the Imperial County Services Building I: the data and time-frequency analysis. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 27(6):564–576

    Google Scholar 

  53. Todorovska MI, Trifunac MD (2008) Impulse response analysis of the Van Nuys 7-storey hotel during 11 earthquakes and earthquake damage detection. Struct Control Health Monit 15(1):90–116. doi:10.1002/stc.208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Todorovska MI, Trifunac MD (2008) Earthquake damage detection in the Imperial County Services Building III: analysis of wave travel times via impulse response functions. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 21(5):387–404. doi:10.1016/j.soildyn.2007.07.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Todorovska MI, Trifunac MD (2008) Earthquake damage detection in the Imperial County Services Building II: analysis of novelties via wavelets. Struct Control Health Monit (submitted for publication)

    Google Scholar 

  56. Todorovska MI, Trifunac MD, Ivanović SS (2001) Wave propagation in a seven-story reinforced concrete building, Part I: theoretical models. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 21(3):211–223

    Google Scholar 

  57. Todorovska MI, Trifunac MD, Ivanović SS (2001) Wave propagation in a seven-story reinforced concrete building, Part II: observed wave numbers. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 21(3):225–236

    Google Scholar 

  58. Trifunac MD (2007) Early History of the Response Spectrum Method, Dept. of Civil Engineering, Report CE 07-01. Univ. Southern California, Los Angeles, California

    Google Scholar 

  59. Trifunac MD, Todorovska MI (2001) A note on the useable dynamic range of accelerographs recording translation. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 21(4):275–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Trifunac MD, Todorovska MI (2001) Evolution of accelerographs, data processing, strong motion arrays and amplitude and spatial resolution in recording strong earthquake motion. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 21(6):537–555

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Trifunac MD, Todorovska MI (2001) Recording and interpreting earthquake response of full-scale structures: In Erdik M, Celebi M, Mihailov V, Apaydin N (eds) Proc. of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Strong-Motion Instrumentation for Civil Engineering Structures, 2–5 June, 1999. Kluwer, Istanbul, p 24

    Google Scholar 

  62. Trifunac MD, Ivanovic SS, Todorovska MI (1999) Experimental evidence for flexibility of a building foundation supported by concrete friction piles. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 18(3):169–187

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. Trifunac MD, Todorovska MI, Hao TY (2001) Full-scale experimental studies of soil-structure interaction – a review. Proc. of the 2nd US Japan Workshop on Soil-Structure Interaction, 6–8 March, 2001. Tsukuba City, Japan, pp 52

    Google Scholar 

  64. Trifunac MD, Ivanović SS, Todorovska MI (2003). Wave propagation in a seven-story reinforced concrete building, Part III: damage detection via changes in wave numbers. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 23(1):65–75

    Google Scholar 

  65. Trifunac MD, Todorovska MI, Manić MI, Bulajić BĐ (2008) Variability of the fixed-base and soil-structure system frequencies of a building – the case of Borik-2 building. Struct Control Health Monit (in press). doi:10.1002/stc.277

  66. Udwadia FE, Jerath N (1980) Time variations of structural properties during strong ground shaking. J Eng Mech Div ASCE 106(EM1):111–121

    Google Scholar 

  67. Udwadia FE, Marmarelis PZ (1976) The identification of building structural systems I. The linear case. Bull Seism Soc Am 66(1):125–151

    Google Scholar 

  68. Udwadia FE, Marmarelis PZ (1976) The identification of building structural systems II. The nonlinear case. Bull Seism Soc Am 66(1):153–171

    Google Scholar 

  69. Udwadia FE, Trifunac MD (1974) Time and amplitude dependent response of structures. Earthq Eng Struct Dyn 2:359–378

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Ward HS, Crawford R (1966) Wind induced vibrations and building modes. Bull Seism Soc Am 56(4):793–813

    Google Scholar 

  71. Wong HL, Trifunac MD, Luco JE (1988) A comparison of soil-structure interaction calculations with results of full-scale forced vibration tests. Soil Dyn Earthq Eng 7(1):22–31

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA

    Maria I. Todorovska

Authors
  1. Maria I. Todorovska
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. RAMTECH LIMITED, 122 Escalle Lane, Larkspur, CA, 94939, USA

    Robert A. Meyers Ph. D. (Editor-in-Chief) (Editor-in-Chief)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2011 Springer-Verlag

About this entry

Cite this entry

Todorovska, M.I. (2011). Earthquake Damage : Detection and Early Warning in Man-Made Structures . In: Meyers, R. (eds) Extreme Environmental Events. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7695-6_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation