Abstract
Acute upper or lower airway obstruction may become a life-threatening situation in the infant or child. The suddenness with which this may occur is often unpredictable. Hence astute recognition and anticipation of the problem is essential to prevent respiratory failure and possibly death.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abman SH, Fan LL, Colton EK (1984) Emergency treatment of foreign body obstruction of the upper airway in children. Emerg Med 2: 7
Ahrens RC, Bonham AC, Maxwell GA et al. (1984) A method for comparing the peak intensity and duration of action of aerosolized bronchodilators using bronchoprovocation with methacholine. Am Rev Resp Dis 129: 903
Akl BF, Yahek SM, Berman W Jr (1984) Total tracheal reconstruction in a three-month-old infant. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 87: 543
Anas NG, Perkin MD (1983) Aspiration of a balloon by a 3-month-old. JAMA 250: 285
Appel D, Rubenstein R, Schräger K et al. (1983) Lactic acidosis in severe asthma. Am J Med 75: 580
Aytac A, Yardakl Y, Ikizler C et al. (1977) Inhalation of foreign bodies in children: report of 500 cases, J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 74: 145
Baker AS, Eavey RD (1986) Adult supraglottitis (epiglottitis). N Engl J Med 314: 1185
Barry W, Cockburn F, Cornall R et al. (1986) Ribavirin aerosol for acute bronchiolitis. Arch Dis Child 61: 597
Beasley JM, Jones SEF (1981) Continuous positive airway pressure in bronchiolitis. Br Med J 283: 1506
Becroft DMO (1971) Bronchiolitis obliterans, bronchiectasis, and other sequelae of adenovirus type 21 infection in young children. J Clin Pathol 24: 72
Benjamin B (1980) Endoscopy in congenital tracheal anomalies. J Pediatr Surg 15: 164
Benjamin B, Pitkin J, Cohen D (1981) Congenital tracheal stenosis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 90: 364
Black RE, Choi KJ, Syme WC et al. (1984) Bronchoscopic removal of aspirated foreign bodies in children. Am J Surg 14: 77
Blazer S, Navelo Y, Friedman A (1980) Foreign body in the airway. Am J Dis Child 134: 68
Bohn DJ, Kalloghlian A, Jenkins J et al. (1984) Intravenous salbutamol in the treatment of status asthmaticus in children. Crit Care Med 12: 892
Brunell PA (1987) Ribavirin therapy of respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatrics 79: 475
Burhn FW, Mohrohisky ST, Mcintosh K (1977) Apnea associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in young infants. J Pediatr 90: 382
Canny GJ, Levison H (1988) Aerosols - therapeutic use and delivery in childhood asthma. Ann Allergy 60: 11
Carden DL, Nowak RM, Sarkar D et al. (1983) Vital signs including pulsus paradoxus in the assessment of acute bronchial asthma. Ann Emerg Med 12: 80
Casale TB, Marom Z (1983) Mast cell and asthma. The role of mast cell mediators in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma. Ann Allergy
Church NR, Anas NG, Hall CB et al. (1984) Respiratory syncytial virus related apnea in infants. Am J Dis Child 138: 247
Cogbill TH, Moore FA, Accurso FJ et al. (1983) Primary tracheomalacia. Ann Thorac Surg 35: 538
Cohen RM (1985) A pharmacokinetic approach to the use of theophylline in status asthmaticus. Ann Allergy 54: 1
Cohen SR, Chai J (1978) Epiglottitis, 20-year study with tracheotomy. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 87: 1
Cohen SR, Herbert WI, Lewis GB Jr et al. (1980) Foreign bodies in the airway: five year retrospective study with special reference to management. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 89: 437
Committee on Infectious Disease (American Academy of Pediatrics) (1987) Ribavirin therapy of respiratory syncytial virus. Pediatrics 79: 475
Conrad DA, Christenson C, Waner JL et al. (1987) Aerosolized ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants hospitalized during an epidemic. Pediatr Infect Dis J 6: 152
Coté CJ, Eavey RD, Todres ID et al. (1988) Cricothyroid membrane puncture. Oxygen ventilation in a dog model using an intravenous catheter. Crit Care Med 16: 615
Cotton E, Yasuda K (1984) Foreign body aspiration. Pediatr Clin North AM 31: 937
Cotton RT (1984) Pediatric laryngotracheal stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 19: 699
Dajani AS, Asmar BI, Thirumoorthi MC (1979) Systemic hemophilus influenzae disease: an overview.] Pediatr 94: 355
Darioli R, Perret C (1984) Mechanical controlled hypoventilation in status asthmaticus. Am Rev Respir Dis 129: 385
Denneny JC, Handler SD (1982) Membranous laryngo-tracheobronchitis. Pediatrics 70: 705
Downs JJ, Wood DW, Harwood I et al. (1973) Intravenous isoproterenol infusion in children with severe hypercapnia due to status asthmaticus. Crit Care Med 1: 63
Duncan PG (1979) Efficacy of helium-oxygen mixtures in the management of severe viral and post-intubation croup. Can Anaesth Soc J 26: 206
Ellis EF (1983) Asthma in childhood. J Allergy Clin Immunol 72: 526
Epler GR, Colby TV (1983) The spectrum of bronchiolitis obliterans. Chest 83: 161
Faden HS (1979) Toxicity of Haemophilus influenzae type B epiglottitis. Pediatrics 63: 402
Fanta CH, Rössing TH, McFadden Jr EF (1983) Gluco-corticoids in acute asthma: a critical controlled trial. Am J Med 74: 845
Filler RM, Buck JR, Bahoric A et al. (1982) Treatment of segmental tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia by implantation of an airway splint. J Pediatr Surg 17: 597
Fogel JM, Berg IJ, Gerber MA et al. Racemic epinephrine in the treatment of croup: nebulization alone versus nebulization with intermittent positive pressure breathing. J Pediatr 101: 1028
Friedman EM, Jorgensen K, Healy GB et al. (1985) Bacterial tracheitis: two-year experience. Laryngoscope 95: 9
Friedman EM, Damien J, Healy GB et al. (1985) Supraglottis and concurrent hemophilus meningitis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 94: 470
Galant SP (1983) Current status of Beta-adrenergic agonists in bronchial asthma. Pediatr Clin North Am 30: 931
Grillo HC, Zannini P (1984) Management of obstructive tracheal disease in children. J Pediatr Surg 19: 414
Gross NJ, Skorodin MS (1984) Anticholinergic, anti- muscarinic bronchodilators. Am Rev Respir Dis 129: 856
Hall CB, Hall J, Speers DM (1979) Clinical and physiological manifestations of bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Am J Dis Child 133: 798
Hall CB, McBride JT, Walsh EE et al. (1983) Aerosolized ribavirin treatment of infants with respiratory syncytial viral infection: a randomized double-blind study. N Engl J Med 308: 1443
Hall CB, McBride JT, Gala CL et al. (1984) Ribavirin treatment of respiratory syncytial viral infection in infants with underlying cardiopulmonary disease. JAMA 254: 3047
Hall CB, Powell KR, MacDonald NE et al. (1986) Respiratory syncytial viral infection in children with compromised immune function. N Engl J Med 315: 77
Han BK, Dunbar JS, Striker TW (1979) Membranous laryngotracheobronchitis (membranous croup). AJR 133: 53
Harris CS, Baker SP, Smith GA et al. (1984) Childhood asphyxiation by food. JAMA 251: 2231
Hawkins DB (1980) Corticosteroids in the management of laryngotracheobronchitis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 88: 207
Hawkins DB, Crockett DM, Shum TK (1983) Corticosteroids in airway management. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 91: 593
Hemstreet MP, Miles MV, Rutland RO (1982) Effects of intravenous isoproterenol on theophylline kinetics. J Allergy Clin Immunol 69: 360
Henderson FW, Clyde WA, Collier AM et al. (1979) The etiologic and epidemiologic spectrum of bronchiolitis in pediatric practice. J Pediatr 95: 183
Henry R. Moist air in the treatment of laryngotracheitis. Arch Dis Child 58: 572
Herman JJ, Noah ZL, Moody RR (1983) Use of intravenous isoproterenol for status asthmaticus in children. Crit Care Med 11: 716
Hight EW, Phillipart AI, Hertzler JH (1981) The treatment of retained foreign bodies in the pediatric airway. J Pediatr Surg 16: 694
Hogg JC (1982) The pathophysiology of asthma. Chest 82 (Suppl): 8S
Holinger LD (1980) Etiology of stridor in the neonate, infant and child. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 89: 397
Hunsicker RC, Gartner WS (1977) Fogarty catheter technique for removal of endobronchial foreign body. Arch Otolaryngol 103: 103
Idriss FS, DeLeon SY, Ilbawi MN et al. (1984) Tracheoplasty with pericardial patch for extensive tracheal stenosis in infants and children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 19: 527
Iliopoulou A, Aldhous ME, Johnston A et al. (1982) Pharmacokinetic interaction between theophylline and erythromycin. Br J Clin Pharmacol 14: 495
Jones R, Santos JI, Overall JB (1979) Bacterial tracheitis. JAMA 242: 721
Kaliner M (1987) Mast cell mediators in asthma. Chest 87 (Suppl): 2S
Kanter RK, Watchko JF (1984) Pulmonary edema associated with upper airway obstruction. Am J Dis Child 138: 356
Kattan M, Keens TG, Lapierre JG et al. (1977) Pulmonary function abnormalities in symptom-free children after bronchiolitis. Pediatrics 59: 683
Keon TP (1981) Death on induction of anesthesia for cervical node biopsy. Anesthesiology 55: 471
Kilham H, Gilis J, Benjamin B (1987) Severe upper airway obstruction. Pediatr Clin North Am 34: 1
Kosloske AM (1982) Bronchoscopic extraction of aspirated foreign bodies in children. Am J Dis Child 136: 924
Kresch MJ (1985) Pericarditis complicating hemophilus epiglottitis. Pediatr Infect Dis 4: 559
Kurland G, Williams J, Lewiston NJ (1979) Fatal myocardial toxicity during continuous infusion intravenous isoproterenol therapy of asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 63: 407
Landay RA, Gonzalez MA, Taylor JC (1978) Effect of phenobarbital on theophylline disposition. J Allergy Clin Immunol 62: 27
Lee HS (1981) Comparison of oral and aerosol adrenergic bronchodilators in asthma. J Pediatr 99: 805
Lefcoe NM, Toogood JH, Blennerhassett G et al. (1982) The addition of an aerosol anticholinergic to an oral beta agonist plus theophylline in asthma and bronchitis. Chest 82: 300
Leffert F (1978) Asthma: a modern perspective. Pediatrics 62: 1061
Lenney W, Milner AD (1978) At what age do bron- chodilator drugs work? Arch Dis Child 53: 532
Listen S, Gehrz R, Jaris C (1981) Bacterial tracheitis. Arch Otolaryngol 107: 561
Loeff DS, Filler RM, Vinograd I et al. (1988) Congenital tracheal stenosis: a review of 22 patients from 1965 to 1987. J Pediatr Surg 23: 744
MacDonald NE, Hall CB, Suffin SC et al. (1982) Respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants with congenital heart disease. N Engl J Med 307: 397
Majeski JA, Schreiber JT, Cotton R et al. (1981) Trache-oplasty for tracheal stenosis in the pediatric patient. J Trauma 20: 81
Marquis JF, Carruthers SG, Spence JD et al. (1982) Phenytoin-theophylline interaction. N Engl J Med 307: 1189
Matson JR, Loughlin GM, Strunk RC (1978) Myocardial ischemia complicating the use of isoproterenol in asthmatic children. J Pediatr 92: 776
Mayo Smith MF, Hirsch PJ, Wodzinsky SF et al. (1986) Acute epiglottitis in adults, an eight-year experience in the State of Rhode Island. N Engl J Med 314: 1133
Maze A, Bloch E (1979) Stridor in pediatric patients. Anesthesiology 50: 132
McConnochie KM, Roghmann KJ. Bronchiolitis as a possible cause of wheezing in childhood: new evidence. Pediatrics 74: 1
McGregor M (1979) Pulsus paradoxus. N Engl J Med 301: 480
Mitenko PA, Ogilvie RI (1973) Rational intravenous doses of theophylline. N Engl J Med 289: 600
Molteni RA (1976) Epiglottitis: incidence of extra- epiglottic infection: report of 72 cases and review of the literature. Pediatrics 58: 526
Newth CJL, Levison H, Bryan HC (1972) The respiratory status of children with croup. J Pediatr 81: 1068
Nussbaum E (1983) Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy and laryngoscopy in infants and children. Laryngoscope 93: 1073
O’Neill JA Jr (1984) Experience with iatrogenic laryngeal and tracheal stenosis. J Pediatr Surg 19: 235
O’Rourke PP, Crone RK (1982) Halothane in status asthmaticus. Crit Care Med 110: 341
O’Rourke PP, Crone RK (1984) Effect of isoproterenol on measured theophylline levels. Crit Care Med 12: 373
Oswalt CE, Gates GA, Holmstrom FMG (1977) Pulmonary edema as a complication of acute airway obstruction. JAMA 238: 1833
Outwater KM, Crone RK (1984) Management of respiratory failure in infants with acute bronchiolitis. Am J Dis Child 138: 1071
Pang LM, Rodriguez-Martinex F, Davis WJ et al. (1977) Terbutaline in the treatment of status asthmaticus. Chest 72: 469
Parry WH, Martorano F, Cotton EK (1976) Management of life-threatening asthma with intravenous isoproterenol infusions. Am J Dis Child 130: 39
Pierson WE, Bierman CW, Kelley VC (1974) A double- blind trial of corticosteroid therapy in status asthmaticus. Pediatrics 54: 282
Piro AH, Weiss DR, Hellman S (1976) Mediastinal Hodgkin’s disease: a possible danger for intubation anesthesia. Int J Radiat Oncol Phys 1: 415
Rapkin RH (1975) Nasotracheal intubation in epiglottitis. Pediatrics 56: 110
Rössing TH, Fanta CH, Goldstein DH et al. (1980) Emergency therapy of asthma: comparison of the acute effects of parenteral and inhaled sympathomimetics and infused aminophylline. Am Rev Respir Dis 122: 365
Rothmann BF, Boeckman CR (1980) Foreign bodies in the larynx and tracheobronchial tree in children. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 89: 434
Saad SA, Falla S. Management of intractable and extensive tracheal stenosis by implantation of cartilage graft. J Pediatr Surg 18: 472
Schwartz SH (1984) Treatment of status asthmaticus with halothane. JAMA 251: 2688
Skrinkas GJ, Hyland RH, Hutcheon MA (1983) Using helium-oxygen mixtures in the management of acute upper airway obstruction. Can Med Assoc J 128: 555
Slutsky AS, Watson J, Leith DE et al. (1985) Tracheal insufflation of 02 at low flow rates sustains life for several hours 63: 278
Sorensen HR, Holsteen V (1984) Resection of congenital stenosis of the trachea in an infant. Acta Paediatr Scand 73: 141
Sotomayor JL, Godinez RI, Border S et al. (1986) Large- airway collapse due to acquired tracheobronchomalacia in infancy. Am J Dis Child 140: 367
Spector SL (1985) The use of corticosteroids in the treatment of asthma. Chest (Suppl) 87: 73S
Stalcup SA, Mellins RB (1977) Mechanical forces producing pulmonary edema and acute asthma. N Engl J Med 197: 592
Storr J, Lenney W (1986) Nebulized ipratropium and salbutamol in asthma. Arch Dis Child 61: 602
Strome M (1977) Tracheobronchial foreign bodies: an updated approach. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 86: 649
Taber LH, Knight V, Gilbert BE et al. (1983) Ribavirin aerosol treatment of bronchiolitis associated with respiratory syncytial virus infections in infants. Pediatrics 72: 613
Taussig LM, Castro O, Beaudry PH et al. (1975) Treatment of laryngotracheobronchitis (croup): use of intermittent positive pressure breathing and racemic epinephrine. Am J Dis Child 129: 790
Todres ID, Crone RK (1981) Experience with a modified laryngoscope in sick infants. Crit Care Med 9: 544
Todres ID, Reppert G, Hall D et al. (1976) Management of critical airway obstruction in a child with a mediastinal tumor. Anesthesiology 45: 1000
Travis KW, Todres ID, Shannon DC (1977) Pulmonary edema associated with croup and epiglottitis. Pediatrics 59: 695
Tucker JA, and O’Rahilly R (1972) Observations on the embryology of the human larynx. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 81: 520
Tucker JA, Tucker GF (1975) Some aspects of fetal laryngeal development. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 84: 49
Tunnessen WW, Feinstein AR (1980) The steroid croup controversy: an analytic review of methodologic problems. Pediatr 6: 751
Vinograd I, Filler RM, Bahoric A (1987) Long-term functional results of prosthetic airway splinting in tracheomalacia and bronchomalacia. J Pediatr Surg 22: 38
Walker SH (1981) Influenza b epiglottitis and meningitis. Pediatrics 67: 581
Wanner A (1977) Clinical aspects of mucociliary transport. Am Rev Respir Dis 116: 73
Weinberger M, Hendeles L, Ahrens R (1981) Clinical pharmacology of drugs used for asthma. Pediatr Clin North Am 28: 47
Weinberger M, Smith G, Milavetz G et al. (1981) Decreased theophylline clearance due to Cimetidine. N Engl J Med 304: 672
Weiss JW, Drazen JM, Coles N et al. (1986) Broncho- constrictor effects of leukotriene C in humans. Science 216: 196
Westley CR, Cotton EK, Brooks JG (1978) Nebulized racemic epinephrine by IPPB for the treatment of croup. Am J Dis Child 132: 484
Wiseman NE (1984) The diagnosis of foreign body aspiration in childhood. J Pediatr Surg 19: 531
Wiseman NE, Duncan PG, Camberon CB (1985) Man-agement of tracheobronchomalacia with continuous positive airway pressure. J Pediatr Surg 20: 489
Wohl MEB, Chernick V (1978) Bronchiolitis. Am Rev Respir Dis 118: 759
Wood RE (1986) Spelunking in the pediatric airways: explorations with the flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope. Pediatr Clin North Am 31: 785
Wood RE, Gauderer MW (1984) Flexible fibreoptic bronchoscopy in the management of tracheobronchial foreign bodies in children: the value of a combined approach with open tube bronchoscopy. J Pediatr Surg 19: 693
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1992 Springer-Verlag London Limited
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Todres, I.D. (1992). Critical Airway Obstruction in Children. In: Tinker, J., Zapol, W.M. (eds) Care of the Critically Ill Patient. Springer, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3400-8_78
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-3400-8_78
Publisher Name: Springer, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4471-3402-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4471-3400-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive