Abstract
There seems to be no doubt any longer, that it is not recommendable to use the Navier-Stokes equation for the description of the flow around aspace vehicle in altitudes above 80 km. One has to go one step up in the hierarchy and use a kinetic equation, which holds even if the gas is far away from the thermodynamic equilibrium.
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Neunzert, H., Struckmeier, J. (1992). The Finite Pointset Method for hypersonic flows in the rarefied gas regime. In: Bertin, J.J., Periaux, J., Ballmann, J. (eds) Advances in Hypersonics. Birkhäuser, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-0375-9_7
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