Abstract
By analysing visual search behavior knowledge may be guided to improve the performance of search tasks through human engineering design and training. Two ideas have suggested the need for further analysis of visual search behavior. The first is the suggestion of Krendel and Wodinsky (1960) who supposed that visual search strategies could be inferred from the underlying distributions of search times. They postulated that an exponential distribution is indicative of a random strategy where successive fixations are independent of each other and therefore will overlap each other. A linear distribution, on the other hand, indicates a systematic search strategy without overlapping of fixations. This strategy is called an exhaustive search, which may reduce the mean search time in a trial considerably (Howarth and Bloomfield, 1968). The other idea is related to the size of the useful field of view or the visual lobe area. It is defined as the peripheral area around the central fixation point from which specific information can be extracted. The size of the useful visual field depends on the context of a target; e.g. it is reduced when the target is embedded in a complex background or surrounded by irregularly positioned nontarget items (Brown and Monk, 1975).
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bloomfield, J.R. and Moderick, J.A., 1976, Cognitive processes in visual search, Proceedings of the 6th International Ergonomics Association Conference, Maryland, 204–209.
Brown, B. and Monk, Th., 1975, The effect of local target surround and whole background constraint on visual search times, Human Factors, 27, 81–88.
Cohen, A.S. and Studach, H., 1977, Eye movements while driving cars around curves, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 44, 683–689.
Enoch, J.M., 1959, Effect of the size of a complex display upon visual search, Journal of Optical Society of America, 49, 280–286.
Ford, A., White, C.T. and Lichtenstein, M., 1959, Analysis of eye movement during free search, Journal of Optical Society of America, 49, 287–292.
Fürst, C.J., 1971, Automatizing of visual attention, Perception and Psychophysics, 10, 65–70.
Gatchell, S.M., 1977, Power boat operators’ visual behavior patterns, Proceedings of the 21st Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Los Angeles, 179–183.
Gerathewohl, S.J., 1952, Eye movement during radar operations, Aviation Medicine, 23, 597–607.
Gould, J.D. and Dill, A.B., 1969, Eye movement parameters and pattern discrimination, Perception and Psychophysics, 6, 311–320.
Gould, J.D. and Schoonard, J.W., 1969, Eye movement during visual inspection of integrated circuit chips, IBM Report.
Haeusing, M., Holzhausen, K.P. and Wolf, P., 1978, Einsatz eines Mikroprozessors bei der Ubersichtsdarstellung und Manipulation großer Datenmengen auf Farbfernsehmonitoren, Wachtberg, FAT Forschungsbericht No. 39.
Howarth, C.I. and Bloomfield, J.R., 1968, Towards a theory of visual search, AGARD Conference Proceedings, No. 41, London.
Hou, L.R., 1978, The programming strategy of the saccadic eye movement control system, doctoral thesis, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena.
Krebs, M.J., 1975, Scanning patterns in real-time FLIR displays, Proceedings of the Human Factors Society 19th Annual Meeting, Dallas, Tex., 418–422.
Krendel, E.W. and Wodinsky, J., 1960, Visual search in unstructured fields, in: “Visual search techniques”, A. Morris and E.P. Home (eds.), National Research Council, Washington D.C., 151–169.
Kundel, H.L. and LaFollette, P.S., 1972, Visual search patterns and experience with radiological images, Radiology, 103, 523–528.
Kundel, H.L. and Wright, J.D., 1969, The influence of prior knowledge on visual search strategies during the viewing of chest radio-graphs, Radiology, 93, 315–320.
Llewellyn-Thomas, E. and Lansdown, E.L., 1963, Visual search patterns of radiologists in training, Radiology, 31, 288–292.
Lovie, A.D. and Lovie, P., 1968, The effect of a horizontally structured field and target brightness on visual search and detection time, Ergonomics, 11, 359–367.
Merchant, J., 1969, Laboratory oculometer, NASA CR-1422.
Megaw, E.D. and Richardson, J., 1979a, Eye movements and industrial inspection, Applied Ergonomics, 10, 145–154.
Megaw, E.D. and Richardson, J., 1979b, Target uncertainty and visual scanning strategies, Human Factors, 21, 302–315.
Miller, J.M., 1973, Visual behavior changes for student pilots flying instrument approaches, Proceedings of the 17th Annual Meeting of the Human Factors Society, Santa Monica, 208–214.
Miller, J.M., Gatchell, S.M. and Dykstra, D.R., 1977, The visual behavior of recreational boat operators and its relationship to boat collisions, University of Michigan, Dept. of Industrial and Operations Engineering, CO-31-77.
Moffitt, K., 1980, Evaluation of the fixation duration in visual search, Perception and Psychophysics, 27, 370–372.
Moraal, J., 1975, The analysis of an inspection task in the steel industry, in: “Human reliability in quality control”, C.G. Drury and J.G. Fox (eds.), Taylor and Francis, London, 217–230.
Morris, A. and Home, E.D. (eds.), 1960, “Visual search techniques”, National Academy of Sciences - National Research Council, Washington D.C.
Neisser, V., Novick, R. and Lazar, R., 1963, Searching for ten targets simultaneously, Perceptual and Motor Skills, 17, 955–961.
Ohtani, A., 1969, Eye movements during visual inspection task, Pro-ceedings of the 16th International Congress on Occupational Health, Tokyo, 88–90.
Saito, M., 1972, A study on bottle inspection, Journal of the Science of Labour, 48, 395–400.
Schoonard, J.W., Gould, J.D. and Miller, L.A., 1973, Studies of visual inspection, Ergonomics, 16, 365–379.
Snyder, H.L. and Taylor, D.F., 1976, Computerised analysis of eye movements during static display visual search, Aerospace Medical Research Laboratory, Report AMRL-TR-75-91, Ohio.
Stager, P. and Angus, R., 1978, Locating crash sites in simulated air-to-ground visual search, Human Factors, 20, 453–466.
Stern, J.A. and Bynum, J.A., 1970, Analysis of visual search activity in skilled and novice helicopter pilots, Aerospace Medicine, 41, 330–305.
Thackray, R.I. and Touchstone, R.M., 1980, Visual search performance during simulated radar observation with and without a sweepline, Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 51, 361–366.
Townsend, C.A. and Fry, G.A., 1960, Automatic scanning of aerial photographs, in: “Visual search techniques”, A. Morris and E.P. Home (eds.), National Research Council, Washington D.C., 194–210.
Tuddenham, W.J., 1962, Visual search, image organisation and reader error in Roentgen diagnosis, Radiology, 78, 694–704.
Wallis, D. and Samuel, J.A., 1961, Some experimental studies of radar operating, Ergonomics, 4, 155–168.
Weber, R.J., Patrick, C. and Perry, W., 1970, Visual search through random walk number fields, Psychonomic Science, 18, 207–209.
White, C.T. and Ford, D., 1960, Eye movements during simulated radar search, Journal of Optical Society of America, 50, 909–913.
Young, L.R. and Sheena, D., 1975, Survey of eye movement recording methods, Behavior Research Methods and Instrumentation, 7, 397–429.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Widdel, H., Kaster, J. (1981). Eye Movement Measurement in the Assessment and Training of Visual Performance. In: Moraal, J., Kraiss, KF. (eds) Manned Systems Design. NATO Conference Series, vol 17. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3306-7_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3306-7_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3308-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3306-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive