Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Electron Microscopy in Biology and Medicine ((EMBM,volume 1))

Abstract

Our understanding of neural regulation of endocrine glands is still fragmentary. Studies on neuroendocrine interactions have been hampered in the past by the fact that neuronal and endocrine systems have long been considered to operate independently and through opposite ‘languages’, the nervous system by highly localized release of rapidly inactivated transmitters, evoking a high-speed and short-duration response, the endocrine system, on the other hand, by secreting hormones, which are conveyed to their effector tissues by the blood and maintain their actions for appreciable lengths of time (1). Moreover, focusing at the examination of the link between the neural and the endocrine apparatus at the site of the hypothalamic neurosecretory centers and the lack of adequate methods for the demonstration of morphological and functional relationships between peripheral nerves and endocrine cells have, for a long time, prevented to successfully approach the problem of a direct nervous control of endocrine cells by conventional synaptic transmission.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Gorbman A, Bern HA: A textbook of comparative endocrinology. New York: Wiley, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Bargmann W: On the innervation of vertebrate endocrine organs. Int Congr Ser No 273 Endocrin, Proc Fourth Int Congr Endocrin Washington, 18–24 June 1972, pp 220–223.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Bargmann W: Über die Innervation der endokrinen Organe der Wirbeltiere. Nova Acta Leopoldina nr 217, Bd 41: 25–35. Halle: Deutsche Akademie d Naturforsch Leopoldina, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Scharrer B: General principles of neuroendocrine communication. The Neurosciences: Second Study Program. Schmitt FO (ed.). New York, The Rockefeller Univ Press, 1970, pp 519–529.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Scharrer B: Neuroendocrine Communication (neurohormonal, neurohumoral, and intermediate. Progr Brain Res Vol. 38. Ariens Kappers J. Schade JP (eds). Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1972, pp 7–18.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Vollrath L: Zur Innervation endokriner Drüsen. Münch Med Wschr 111 /27: 1464–1468, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bargmann W, Lindner E, Andres KH: Über Synapsen an endokrinen Epithelzellen und die Definition sekretorischer Neurone. Z Zellforsch 77: 282–298, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Dent JN, Gupta BL: Ultrastructural observations on the developmental cytology of the pituitary gland in the spotted newt. Gen Comp Endocrinol 8: 273–288, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Doerr-Schott J, Follenius E: Localisation des fibres aminergiques dans Phypophyse de Rana esculenta. Etude autoradiographique au microscope électronique. Compt Rend Acad Sci, sér D 269: 737–740, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Doerr-Schott J, Follenius E: Innervation de l’hypophyse intermédiaire de Rana esculenta et identification des fibres aminergiques par autoradiographie au microscope électronique. Z Zellforsch 106: 99–118, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Enemar A, Falck B, Iturriza FC: Adrenergic nerves in the pars intermedia of the pituitary in the toad, Bufo arenarum. Z Zellforsch mikr Anat 77: 325–330, 1967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Follenius E: Bases structurales et ultrastructurales des corrélations diencephalon-hypophysaires chez les sél ciens et les téléostéens. Arch Anat Micr 54: 195–216, 1965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Follenius E: Innervation adrénergique de la méta-adénohypophyse de l’Epinoche (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). Mise en évidence par autoradiographie au microscope éléetronique. CR Acad Sci (D) 267: 1208–1211, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Follenius E: Localisation fine des terminaisons nerveuses fixant la noradrénaline H3 dans les différents lobes de Tadénohypophyse de l’Epinoche (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.). In: Aspects of neuroendocrinology Bargmann W, Scharrer B, (eds). Berlin, Springer, 1970, pp 232–244.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Howe A, Maxwell DS: Electron microscopy of the pars intermedia of the pituitary gland in the rat. Gen Comp Endocrinol 11: 169–185, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Jorgensen CB, Larsen LO: Neuroendocrine mechanisms in lower vertebrates. In: Neuroendocrinology, Vol. 2. Martini L, Ganong WF (eds). New York, Academic Press, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Knowles Sir F, Vollrath L: A dual neurosecretory innervation of pars distalis of the pituitary of the eel. Nature (Lond) 208: 1343–1344, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Knowles Sir F, Vollrath L: Neurosecretory innervation of the pituitary of the eels Anguilla and Conger. Phil Trans 250: 311–342, 1966.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Kobayashi Y: Functional morphology of the pars intermedia of the rat hypophysis as revealed with the electron microscope. II. Correlation of the pars intermedia with the hypophyseo-adrenal axis. Z Zellforsch 68: 155–171, 1965.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Pehlemann FW: Ultrastructure and innervation of the pars intermedia of the pituitary of Xenopus laevis. Proc Fourth Confer Europ Comp Endoer Carlsbad, Czechoslovakia, (abstr ), 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Saland LC: Ultrastructure of the frog pars intermedia in relation to hypothalamic control of hormone release. Neuroendocrinol 3: 72–88, 1968.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ziegler B: Licht und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Pars intermedia und Neurohypophyse der Ratte. Z Zellforsch 59: 486–506, 1963.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Kaul S, Vollrath L: The goldfish pituitary. II. Innervation. Cell Tiss Res 154: 231–249, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Mira–Moser F: L’ultrastructure de Tadénohypophyse du crapaud Bufo bufo L. III. Différenciation des cellules de la pars distalis au cours du dévelopment larvaire. Z Zellforsch 125: 88–107, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Dierickx K, Lombaerts-Vandenberghe MP, Druyts A: The structure and vascularization of the pars tuberalis of the hypophysis of Rana temporaria. Z Zellforsch 1 14: 135–150, 1971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Kurosumi K, Kobayashi Y: Nerve fibers and terminals in the rat anterior pituitary gland as revealed by electron microscopy. Arch histol japon 43: 141–155, 1980.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Théret C, Tamboise E: Etude ultrastructurale des rapports expérimentaux entre des cellules alpha et des fibres neurovégétatives dans Tadénohypophyse du rat. Ann Endocrinol Paris 24: 421–440, 1963.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Unsicker K: On the innervation of mammalian endocrine glands (anterior pituitary and parathyroids). Z Zellforsch 121: 283–291, 1971b.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Iturrizza FC: Further evidences for the blocking effect of catechol* amines on the secretion of melanocyte–stimulating hormone in toads. Gen Comp Endocrinol 12: 417–426, 1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Oshima K, Gorbman A: Pars intermedia: Unitary electrical activity regulated by light. Science 163: 195–197, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Brettschneider H: Elektronenmikroskopische Beobachtungen über die Innervation der Schilddrüse. Z mikr-anat Forsch 69: 630–649, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Melander A: Thyroid hormone secretion. Its regulation by intrathyroidal amines. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 370: 7–31, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Melander A, Ericson LE, Sundler F, Westgren U: Intrathyroidal amines in the regulation of thyroid activity. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 73: 39, 1975a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Melander A, Sundler F, Westgren U: Sympathetic innervation of the thyroid: variation with species and with age. Endocrin 96: 102, 1975b.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Tice LW, Creveling CR: Electron microscopic identification of adrenergic nerve endings on thyroid epithelial cells. Endocrinol 97: 1123–1129, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Decoster C, Van Sande J, Dumont J, Mockel J: Dissociation of cyclic 3′, 5′-guanosine monophosphate accumulation and secretory inhibition in the action of carbamylcholine on thyroid. FEBS Lett 66: 191, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Dumont JE, Boynaems JM, Decoster C, Erneux C, Lamy F, Lecocq R, Mockel J, Unger J, Van Sande J: Biochemical mechanisms in the control of thyroid function and growth. Adv Cyclic Nucleotide Res 9: 723, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Melander A, Sundler F: Presence and influence of cholinergic nerves in the mouse thyroid. Endocrin 105: 7–9, 1979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Van Sande J, Erneux C, Dumont J: Negative control of TSH action by iodide and acetylcholine: mechanism of action in intact thyroid cells. J Cyclic Nucleotide Res 3: 335, 1977.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Amenta F, Caporuscio D, Ferrante F, Porcelli F, Zomparelli M: Cholinergic nerves in the thyroid gland. Cell Tiss Res 195: 367–370, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Ahrén B, Alumets J, Ericsson M, Fahrenkrug J, Fahrenkrug L, Håkanson R, Hedner P, Lorén 1, Melander A, Rerup C, Sundler F: VIP occurs in intrathyroidal nerves and stimulates thyroid hormone secretion. Nature 287: 343–345, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Robertson DR: The ultimobranchial body in Rana pipiens. III. Sympathetic innervation of the secretory parenchyma. Z Zellforsch 78: 328–340, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Stoeckel ME, Porte A: Sur Tultrastructure des corps ultimobranchiaux du poussin. CR Acad Sci D, 265: 2051–2053, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Young BA, Harrison RJ: Ultrastructure of light cells in the dolphin thyroid. Z Zellforsch 96: 222–228, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Welsch U: Zur histologischen und enzymhistochemischen Differenzierung der C-Zellen und des Follikelepithels der Säugerschilddrüse. Habilitationsschrift, Kiel, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Altenähr E: Electron microscopical evidence for innervation of chief cells in human parathyroid gland. Experientia 27: 1077, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Atwal OS: Myelinated nerve fibers in the parathyroid gland of the dog: A light and electron-microscopic study. Acta anat 109: 3–12, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Capen CC, Cole CR, Hibly JW: The ultrastructure, histopathology and histochemistry of the parathyroid glands of pregnant and nonpregnant cows fed a high level of vit. D. Lab Invest 14: 1809–1825, 1965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Isono H, Shoumura S: Effects of vagotomy on the ultrastructure of the parathyroid gland of the rabbit. Acta Anat 108: 273–280, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Fischer JA, Blum JW, Binswanger U: Acute parathyroid hormone response to epinephrine in vivo. J clin Invest 52: 2434–2440, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Kukreja SC, Hargis GK, Bowser N, Henderson WJ, Fisherman EW, Williams GA: Role of adrenergic stimuli in parathyroid hormone secretion in man. J clin Endocr Metab 40: 478–481, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Morii H, Fujita T, Okinaka S: Effect of vagotomy and atropine on recovery from induced hypocalcemia. Endocrin 72: 173–179, 1963.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Gingerich R, Aronoff SL: Insulin and glucagon secretion from rat islets maintained in a tissue culture-perfusion system. Diabetes 28: 276–281, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Kemp CB, Knight MJ, Sharp DW, Lacy PE, Ballinger WF: Transplantation of isolated pancreatic islets into the portal vein of diabetic rats. Nature (Lond), 244: 447–448, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Ono J, Takaki R, Okano H, Fukuma M: Long-term culture of pancreatic islet cells with special reference to the ß-cell function. In Vitro 15: 95–102, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Woods SC, Porte D: Neural control of the endocrine pancreas. Physiol Rev 54: 596–619, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Ahrén B, Ericson LE, Lundquist I, Lorén I, Sundler F: Adrenergic innervation of pancreatic islets and modulation of insulin secretion by the sympatho-adrenal system. Cell Tiss Res 216: 15–30, 1981a.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Cegrell L: Adrenergic nerves and monoamine-containing cells in the mammalian endocrine pancreas. A comparative study. Acta physiol scand, Suppl 314: 17–23, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Falck B, Hellman B: Evidence for the presence of biogenic amines in pancreatic islets. Experientia Basel, 19: 139–140, 1963.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Falck B, Hellman B: Monoaminergic mechanisms in the endocrine pancreas. In: The structure and metabolism of the pancreatic islets. Brolin SE, Hellman B, Knutson H (eds). p 429–35. New York, The MacMillan Comp, 1964, pp 429–435.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Järhult J, Holst J: The role of the adrenergic innervation to the pancreatic islets in the control of insulin release during exercise in man. Pflügers Arch 383: 41–45, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Trandaburu T: Comparative observations on adrenergic innervation and monoamine content in endocrine pancreas of some amphibians, reptiles and birds. Endokrinologi 59: 260–264, 1972b.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Dahl E: The fine structure of the pancreatic nerves of the domestic fowl. Z Zellforsch 136: 501–510, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Esterhuizen AC, Spriggs TLB, Lever LD: Nature of islet cell innervation in the cat pancreas. Diabetes 17: 33–36, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Legg PG: The fine structure and innervation of the beta and delta cells in the islets of Langerhans of the cat. Z Zellforsch 80: 307–321, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. lundquist I, Ericson LE: ß-Adrenergic insulin release and adrenergic innervation of mouse pancreatic islets. Cell Tiss Res 193: 73–85, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Shorr SS, Bloom FE: Fine structure of islet-cell innervation in the pancreas of normal and alloxan-treated rats. Z Zellforsch 103: 12–25, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Watanabe T, Yasuda M: Electron microscopic study on the innervation of the pancreas of the domestic fowl. Cell Tiss Res 180: 453–465, 1977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Bloom SR, Edwards AV: The release of pancreatic glucagon and inhibition of insulin in response to stimulation of the sympathetic innervation. J Physiol 253: 157–173, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Girardier L, Seydoux J, Campfield LA: Control of A and B cells in vivo by sympathetic nervous input and selective hyper- or hypoglycemia in dog pancreas. J Physiol, Paris 72: 801–814, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Girardier L, Seydoux J, Berger M, Veicsteinas A: Selective pancreatic nerve section. An investigation of neural control of glucagon release in the conscious unrestrained dog. J Physiol, Paris 74: 731–735, 1978.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Miller RE: Neural inhibition of insulin secretion from the isolated canine pancreas. Amer J Physiol 229: 144–149, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Schalch DS: The influence of physical stress and exercise on growth hormone and insulin secretion in man. J Lab clin Med 69: 256–269, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Wright PH, Malaisse WJ: Effects of epinephrine, stress and exercise on insulin secretion by the rat. Amer J Physiol 214: 1031–1034, 1968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Porte D Jr, Williams RH: Inhibition of insulin release by norepinephrine in man. Science 152: 1248–1250, 1966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Porte D Jr: A receptor mechanism for the inhibition of insulin release by epinephrine in man. J clin Invest 46ij 86–94, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Ahren B, Järhult J, Lundquist I: Influence of the symphathoadrenal system and somatostatin on the secretion of insulin in the rat. J Physiol 312: 563–575, 1981b.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kern HF, Hofmann HV, Kern D: Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchung der Langerhansschen Inseln von Nutria (Myocastor coypus), mit besonderer Berücksichtigung der neuroinsulären Komplexe. Z Zellforsch 113: 216–229, 1971.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Orci L, Perrelet A, Ravazzola M, Malaisse–Lagae F, Renold AE: A speciliazed membrane junction between nerve endings and B-cells in islets of Langerhans. Europ J clin Invest 3: 443–445, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Coupland RE: The innervation of pancreas of the rat, cat and rabbit as revealed by the Cholinesterase technique. J Anat (Lond) 92: 143–149, 1958.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Libman LJ, Sutherland SD: An investigation into the intrinsic innervation of the pancreas (using Cholinesterase and usual nervous tissue stains) monkeys, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs and rats. J Anat (Lond) 99: 420–421, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Trandaburu T: Comparative observations on AChE distribution in pancreas of some amphibians, reptiles and birds, with special reference to the islets of Langerhans. Histochemie 32: 271–279, 1972a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Trandaburu T: The intrinsic innervation of the pancreas of the grass-snake (Natrix n. natrix L.), with particular reference to acetylcholinesterase activity in the islets of Langerhans. J Anat 117: 575–589, 1974a.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Trandaburu T: Ultrastructural and acetylcholinesterase investigations on the pancreas intrinsic innervation of two bird species (Columbia livia domestica Gm. and Euodice cantans Gm.). Gegenbaurs morph Jahrb, Leipzig 120: 888–904, 1974b.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Bergman N, Miller RE: Direct enhancement of insulin secretion by vagal stimulation of the isolated pancreas. Amer J Physiol 225: 481–486, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Daniel PM, Henderson JR: The effect of vagal stimulation on plasma insulin and glucose levels in the baboon. J Physiol (Lond) 192: 317–327, 1967.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Frohman LA, Ezdinli EZ, Javid R: Effect of vagotomy and vagal stimulation on insulin secretion. Diabetes 16: 443–448, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Kaneto A, Kosaka K, Nakao K: Effects of stimulation of the vagus nerve on insulin secretion. Endocrin 80: 530–536, 1967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Porte D Jr, Girardier L, Seydoux J, Kanazawa Y, Posternak J: Neural regulation of insulin secretion in the dog. J clin Invest 52: 210–214, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Gagerman E, Idahl L-Ä, Meissner HP, Täljedal I-B: Insulin release, cGMP, cAMP and membrane potential in acetylcholine-stimulated islets. Amer J Physiol 235: E493–500, 1978.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Gagerman E, Molin J, Täljedal I-B: Are pancreatic ß-cells under vagal control? Medical Biology 57: 48–51, 1979.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Iversen J: Effect of acetylcholine on the secretion of glucagon and insulin from the isolated, perfused canine pancreas. Diabetes 22: 381–387, 1973.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Loubatieres-Mariani MM, Chapal J, Alric R, Loubatieres A: Studies of the cholinergic receptors involved in the secretion of insulin using isolated perfused rat pancreas. Diabetologia 9: 439–446, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Watanabe T, Fujioka T: Ultrastructural alterations of the pancreatic D cell in the domestic fowl following vagotomy. Cell Tiss Res 211: 171–174, 1980.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Nunez EA, Gershon P, Gershon MD: Serotonin and seasonal variation in the pancreatic structure of bats: possible presence of serotonergic axons in the gland. Amer J Anat 159: 347–360, 1980.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Fujii S, Kobayashi S, Fujita T, Yanaihara N: VIP-immunoreactive nerves in the pancreas of the snake, Elaphe quadrivirgata (Boie: Another model for insular neurosecretion. Biomed Res 1: 180–184,

    Google Scholar 

  97. Kobayashi S, Fujita T: Fine structure of mammalian and avian pancreatic islets with special reference to D cells and nervous elements. Z Zellforsch 100: 340–363, 1969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Serizawa Y, Kobayashi S, Fujita T: Neuro-insular complex type I in the mouse. Re-evaluation of the pancreatic islet as a modified ganglion. Arch histol japon 42: 389–394, 1979.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Stahl M: Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über die vegetative Innervation der Bauchspeicheldrüse. Z mikr-anat Forsch 70: 62–102, 1963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Watari N: Fine structure of nervous elements in the pancreas of some vertebrates. Z Zellforsch 85: 291–314, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Kudo S: Fine structure of autonomic ganglion in the chicken pancreas. Arch histol japon 32: 455–497, 1971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Fujita T: Histological studies on the neuro-insular complex in the pancreas of some mammals. Z Zellforsch 50: 94–109, 1959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Campenhout E van: Contribution á l’étude de Thistogénèse du pancréas chez quelques mammifères. Les complexes sympathicoin-sulaires. Arch Biol (Liège) 37: 121–171, 1927.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Simard LC: Les complexes neuro-insulaires du pancréas humain. Arch Anat micr Morph exp 33: 49–64, 1937.

    Google Scholar 

  105. Jacobowitz D: Histochemical studies of the autonomie innervation of the gut. J Pharmocol exp Ther 149: 358–364, 1965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Ratzenhofer M, Müller O, Becker H: Zur Innervation der Drüsen- und Stromazellen im Kaninchenmagen. Mikroskopie 25: 283–296, 1969.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Gasbarrini G, Melchionda N, Benfenati F, Mantovani BA, Aureli G: Studio del sistema enteroeromaffine e del metabolismo triptaminico nell üomo. Boll Sci Med 141: 85–118, 1969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Ahlman H, Dahlström A, Kewenter J, Lundberg J: Vagal influence on serotonin concentration in enterochromaffin cells in the cat. Acta physiol scand 97: 362–368, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Kataoka K: The neuro–endocrine complex in the gastro-entero- pancreatic endocrine system. Arch histol jap 40, Suppl: 119–127, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Osaka M, Kobayashi S: Duodenal basal-granulated cells in the human fetus with special reference to their relationship to nervous elements. In: Endocrine gut and pancreas Fujita T (ed) Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1976, pp 145–158.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Aoi W, Henry DP, Weinberger MH: Evidence for a physiological role of renal sympathetic nerves in adrenergic stimulation of renin release in the rat. Circ Res 38: 123–126, 1976.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Barajas L: Anatomical considerations in the control of renin secretion. In: Control of Renin Secretion. New York, Plenum Press, 1972, pp 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Barajas L, Müller J: The innervation of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and surrounding tubules: a quantitative analysis by serial section electron microscopy. J Ultrastruct Res 43: 107–132, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Coote JH, Johns EJ, MacLeod HV, Singer B: Effect of renal nerve stimulation, renal blood flow, and adrenergic blockade on plasma renin activity in the cat. J Physiol (Lond) 226: 15–36, 1972.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Ganong WF: Effects of sympathetic activity and ACTH on renin and aldosterone secretion. In: Hypertension. Genest J, Koiw E (eds). New York, Heidelberg, 1972, pp 2–14.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Gorgas K: Struktur und Innervation des juxtaglomerulären Apparates der Ratte. (Structure and innervation of the juxtaglomerular apparatus of the rat). Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer, 1978.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Johnson JA, Davis JO, Witty RT: Effects of catecholamine and renal nerve stimulation on renin release in the nonfiltering kidney. Circ Res 29: 646–653, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. La Grange RG, Sloop CH: Selective stimulation of renal nerves in the anesthetized dog. Effect on renin release during controlled changes in renal hemodynamics. Circ Res 33: 704–712, 1973.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Müller J, Barajas L: Electron microscopic and histochemical evidence for a tubular innervation in the renal cortex of the monkey. J Ultrastruct Res 41: 533–549, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Nilsson O: The adrenergic innervation of the kidney. Lab Invest 14: 1392–1395, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Silverman A-J, Barajas L: Effect of reserpin on the juxtaglomerular granular cells and renal nerves. Lab Invest 30: 723–731, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Taugner R, Forssmann WG, Ganten D, Schiller A: Studies on the juxtaglomerular apparatus VI. Sympathetic innervation, catecholamines and the renin-angiotensin-system in rats and tree–shrews Tupaia belangeri). Cell Tiss Res 212: 375–382, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Unsicker K, Axelsson S, Owman Ch, Svensson K-G: Innervation of the male genital tract and kidney in the amphibia, Xenopus laevis Daudin, Rana temporaria L., and Bufo bufo L. Cell Tiss Res 160: 453–484, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Vander AJ: Effect of catecholamines and the renal nerves on renin secretion in anesthetized dogs. Amer J Physiol 209: 659–662, 1965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Wagenmark J, Ungerstedt U, Ljungqvist A: Sympathetic innervation of the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney. Circ Res 22: 149–153, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Barajas L, Silverman AJ, Muller J: Ultrastructural localization of acetylcholinesterase in the renal nerves. J Ultrastruct Res 49: 297–311, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Weinberger MH, Aoi W, Henry DP: The direct effect of ß-adrenergic stimulation on renin release by rat kidney slice in vitro. Circ Res 37: 318–324, 1975.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Dinerstein RJ, Vannice J, Henderson RC, Roth LJ, Goldberg LI, Hoffmann PC: Histofluorescence techniques provide evidence for dopamine-containing neuronal elements in canine kidney. Science 205: 497–499, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Unsicker K, Polonius T: Catecholamines and 5-hydroxytryptamine in corpuscles of stannius of the salmonid, Salmo irideus L. A study correlating electron microscopical, histochemical and chemical findings. General comp Endocrin 31: 121–132, 1977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Bachmann R: Die Nebenniere. In: Handbuch der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen, Bd. VI/5. Berlin-Göttingen-Heidelberg: Springer 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Chester Jones I: The adrenal cortex. Cambridge: University Press 1957.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Deane HW: The adrenocortical hormones. Their origin, chemistry, physiology, and pharmacology, part I. In: Handbuch der experimentellen Pharmakologie, Bd. XIV/1. Berlin, Springer, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Unsicker K: Fine structure and innervation of the avian adrenal gland. V. Innervation of interrenal cells. Z Zellforsch 146: 403–416, 1973b.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Garcia-Alvarez F: Estudio ultraestructural sobre la inervación de la corteza suprarenal. An Anat 19: 267–279, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Garcia–Alvarez F: Características ultraestructurales y significación de las vesiculas sinapticas adrenergicas de la corteza suprarenal del cavia cobaya. An Anat 21: 301–310, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Migally N: The innervation of the mouse adrenal cortex. Anat Ree 194: 105–112, 1979.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Robinson PM, Perry RA, Hardy KJ, Coghlan JP, Scoggins BA: The innervation of the adrenal cortex in the sheep, Ovis ovis. J Anat 124: 117–129, 1977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Uno H; Catecholaminergic terminals in the perisinusoidal spaces of the hepatic acini and adrenal cortex of macaques. Anat Ree 187: 735, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Unsicker K: Zur Innervation der Nebennierenrinde vom Goldhamster. Z Zellforsch 95: 608–619, 1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Unsicker K: On the innervation of the rat and pig adrenal cortex. Z Zellforsch 116: 151–156, 1971a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Unsicker K: Synapsen an Interrenalzellen der Krähe. Naturwiss 59: 81, 1972b.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Unsicker K, Habura-Flüh O, Zwarg U: Different types of small granule-containing cells and neurons in the guinea-pig adrenal medulla. Cell Tiss Res 189: 109–130, 1978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Unsicker K: Innervation of adrenal cells in the lizards Lacerta dugesi and Lacerta pityusensis. Gen comp Endocrin 24: 409–412, 1974b.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Halász B, Szentágothai J: Histologischer Beweis einer nervösen Signalübermittlung von der Nebennierenrinde zum Hypothalamus. Z Zellforsch 50: 297–306, 1959.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. Engeland WC, Dallman MF: Neural mediation of compensatory adrenal growth. Endocrin 99: 1659–1662, 1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Engeland WC, Dallman MF: Compensatory adrenal growth in neurally mediated. Neuroendocrin 19: 352–362, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Dallman MF, Engeland WC, Shinsako J: Compensatory adrenal growth; a neurally mediated reflex. Amer J Physiol 231: 408–414, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Holzwarth MA, Dallman MF: The effect of hypothalamic hemi-islands on compensatory adrenal growth. Brain Res 162: 33–43, 1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Vogt M: Observations on some conditions affecting the rate of hormone output by the suprarenal cortex. J Physiol (Lond) 103: 317–332, 1944.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Cushman P, Alter S, Hilton JG: Cortisol secretion by the dog adrenal: effects of cyclic adenosine monophosphate, dichloroisoproterenol, dihydroergotamine and adrenaline. J Endocrin 34: 271–272, 1966.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Rosenfeld G: Stimulative effect of acetylcholine on the adrenocortical function of isolated perfused calf adrenals. Amer J Physiol 183: 272–278, 1955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Blair-West JR, Coghlan JP, Denton DA, Goding JR, Munro JA, Peterson RE, Wintour M: Humoral stimulation of adrenal cortical secretion. J clin Invest 41: 1606–1627, 1962.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Unsicker K: Innervation of the testicular interstitial tissue in reptiles. Z Zellforsch 146: 123–138, 1973a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Baumgarten HG, Holstein AF: Catecholaminhaltige Nervenfasern im Hoden des Menschen. Z Zellforsch 79: 389–395, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Baumgarten HG, Falck B, Holstein AF, Owman Ch, Owman T: Adrenergic innervation of the human testis, epididymis, ductus deferens and prostate: a fluorescence microscopic and fluorimetric study. Z Zellforsch 90: 81–95, 1968a.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Norberg KA, Risley PL, Ungerstedt U: Adrenergic innervation of the male reproductive ducts in some mammals. I. The distribution of adrenergic nerves. Z Zellforsch 76: 278–286, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  157. Dayan AD: Variation between species in the innervation of intratesticular blood vessels. Experientia (Basel) 26: 1359–1360, 1970.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Baumgarten HG, Holstein AF: Noradrenerge Nervenfasern im Hoden van Mammaliern und anderen Vertebraten. J neuro-visc Rel, Suppl 10: 563–572, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Belt WD, Cavazos LF: Personal communication. Quoted after Hudson N: The nerves of the testis, epididymis and scrotum. In: The testis, vol. I Johnson AD, Gomes WR, Vandemark NL (eds). New York, Academic Press, 1970, pp 47–99.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Eik–Nes KB: Production and secretion of testicular steroids. Ree Progr Horm Res 27: 517–535, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Hodson N: The nerves of the testis, epididymis and scrotum. In: The testis vol. I. Johnson AD, Gomes WR, Vandemark NL (eds). New York, Academic Press, 1970, pp 47–99.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Nance DM: Neural innervation and control of the testes: a role for the paraventricular nucleus? Soc Neurosci Abstr Vol 7, p X X, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Haase E: Histochemische und elektronenmikroskopische Untersu–chungen über die Innervation des Hodens vom Bergfink (Fringilla montifringilla). Verh Dt Zool Ges 66: 106–110, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Unsicker K: Zur Innervation von Leydigzellen bei Reptilien. Verh Anat Ges 68: 273–276, 1974a.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Follenius E: Innervation des cellules interstitielles chez un poisson telesteen Lebistes reticulatus R. Etude au microscope eletronique. CR Acad Sci 259: 228–230, 1964.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  166. Gresik EW: Fine structural evidence for the presence of nerve terminals in the testis of the teleost, Oryzias latipes. Gen comp Endocrin 21: 210–213, 1973.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Burden HW: Neural modulation of ovarian function. TINS 1978a, p 85–86.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Burden HW: Ovarian Innervation. In: The Vertebrate Ovary. Comparative Biology and Evolution. Jones RE (ed). New York, Plenum Press, 1978b, pp 615–638.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Gerendai I, Halasz B: Neural participation in ovarian control. TINS 1978, pp 87–88.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Burden HW: Adrenergic innervation in ovaries of the rat and guinea pig. Amer J Anat 133: 455–162, 1972.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Unsicker K: Qualitative and quantitative studies on the innervation of the corpus luteum of rat and pig. Cell Tiss Res 152: 513–523, 1974c.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Jacobowitz D, Wallach EE: Histochemical and chemical studies of the autonomic innervation of the ovary. Endocrin 81: 1132–1139, 1967.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Owman C, Rosengren E, Sjoberg N-O: Adrenergic innervation of the human female reproductive organs: A histochemical and chemical investigation. Obstet Gynec 30: 763–773, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Fink G, Schofield GC: Experimental studies on the innervation of the ovary in cats. J Anat 109: 115–126, 1971.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Rosengren E, Sjoberg N-O: The adrenergic nerve supply to the female reproductive tract of the cat. Amer J Anat 121: 271–284, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Burden HW: The distribution of smooth muscle in the cat ovary with a note on its adrenergic innervation. J Morphol 140: 467–476, 1973.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Jordan SM: Adrenergic and cholinergic innervations of the reproductive tract and ovary in the guinea pig and rabbit. J Physiol (Lond) 210: 115p–l 17p.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Kulkarni PS, Wakade AR, Kirpekar SM: Sympathetic innervation of guinea pig uterus and ovary. Amer J Physiol 230: 1400–1405, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Lawrence IE Jr, Burden HW: The autonomic innervation of the interstitial gland of the rat ovary during pregnancy. Amer J Anat 147: 81–94.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Owman C, Sjoberg N-O: Adrenergic nerves in the female genital tract of the rabbit: With remarks on cholinesterase-containing structures. Z Zellforsch mikr Anat 74: 182–197, 1966.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Unsicker K: Zur Innervation der interstitiellen Druse im Ovar der Maus (Mus musculus L.). Z Zellforsch 109: 46–54, 1970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Svensson K-G, Owman C, Sjoberg N-O, Sporrong B, Walles B: Ultrastructural evidence for adrenergic innervation of the interstitial gland in the guinea pig ovary. Neuroendocrinol 17: 40–47, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Bennett T, Malmfors T: The adrenergic nervous system of the domestic fowl. Z Zellforsch mikr Anat 106: 22–50, 1970.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Unsicker K, Seidel F, Groschel-Stewart U, Lindmar R, Loffelholz K, Wolf U: Zur adrenergen Innervation des Huhnerovars. Verh Anat Ges 74; 443–145, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Dahl E: Studies on the fine structure of ovarian interstitial tissue. 3. The innervation of the thecal gland of the domestic fowl. Z Zellforsch mikr Anat 109: 212–226, 1970.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Brinn JE, Burden HW, Schweisthal MR: Innervation of the cultured fetal rat pancreas. Cell Tiss Res 182: 133–138, 1977.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1984 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, Boston, The Hague, Dordrecht, Lancaster

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Unsicker, K. (1984). Innervation of endocrine tissues. In: Motta, P.M. (eds) Ultrastructure of Endocrine Cells and Tissues. Electron Microscopy in Biology and Medicine, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3861-1_28

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3861-1_28

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-3863-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-3861-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics