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Contrast Mechanisms of Special Interest in Materials Science

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Practical Scanning Electron Microscopy

Abstract

The versatility of the scanning electron microscope is due in great measure to the rich variety of mechanisms of electron interaction with solids. These interaction mechanisms can be employed to produce contrast in SEM images, revealing differences in the physical nature of the specimen from point to point. This chapter will discuss six contrast formation mechanisms of particular interest: (1) electron channeling contrast, which is related to the crystallographic nature of a specimen; (2) type I and (3) type II magnetic contrast, which can reveal magnetic domains in both crystalline and artificial magnetic structures; (4) voltage contrast, which arises from differences in the electrostatic potential of the specimen; (5) electronbeam- induced current contrast, a phenomenon of electron-hole pair production in semiconductor devices; and (6) cathodoluminescence, which arises from the emission of long-wavelength electromagnetic radiation in the ultraviolet, visible, and/or infrared regions. Of these mechanisms, 1–5 are confined to applications in the physical sciences, while mechanism 6, cathodoluminescence, finds application in physical, mineralogical, and biological sciences.

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Materials Research, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., USA

    D. E. Newbury & H. Yakowitz

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  1. D. E. Newbury
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  2. H. Yakowitz
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Metallurgy and Materials Science Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, USA

    Joseph I. Goldstein

  2. U.S Deparment of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Washington D.C., USA

    Harvey Yakowitz

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© 1975 Plenum Press, New York

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Newbury, D.E., Yakowitz, H. (1975). Contrast Mechanisms of Special Interest in Materials Science. In: Goldstein, J.I., Yakowitz, H. (eds) Practical Scanning Electron Microscopy. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4422-3_5

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-4422-3_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-4424-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4613-4422-3

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