Abstract
The two major carriers of heat in solids are phonons and free electrons. Lattice waves or phonons carry heat in all solids, electrons in metals and alloys. In the case of highly conducting or pure metals, the electronic component is often so large as to dominate the conduction process. In alloys and in metals of lower conductivity, the lattice component is usually an appreciable fraction of the total. In insulators (which at low temperatures include semiconductors) the thermal conductivity is entirely due to lattice waves. There are, in principle, other carriers of heat, such as mobile magnetic excitations and internal electromagnetic radiation. Radiation is usually negligible at low temperatures, but can be important at high temperatures.
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Klemens, P.G. (1984). Low Temperature Thermal Conduction in Solids. In: Clark, A.F., Reed, R.P. (eds) Advances in Cryogenic Engineering Materials . Advances in Cryogenic Engineering, vol 30. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9868-4_46
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-9868-4_46
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