Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Quasi-static Compressive and Tensile Tests on Cancellous Bone in Human Cervical Spine

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:
Book cover Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials, Volume 5

Abstract

Cancellous bone in the vertebral bodies of human cervical spine was tested under compression and tension at strain rate of 10−3/s. Experimental methodology (such as cutting method, gripping method, precondition procedure, and strain measurement) was established for such porous bio-material. The average properties and stress-strain curves were obtained, which showed higher modulus/failure stress and lower ultimate strain in compression than in tension. Discussion on density measurement was described. The fresh bone density, apparent bone density, bone tissue density as well as porosity ratio are obtained for the cancellous bone in human cervical spine. Elastic modulus, strength and failure strain were fitted against bone density. Empirical nonlinear constitutive equations against bone density were constructed for both compression and tension, and showed good predictions for their nonlinearity till ultimate strain. The obtained mechanical properties as well as corresponding analysis shall be a meaningful contribution to the database of cancellous bone in human cervical spine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Clark CR et al (1998) Chapter 1: anatomy of the cervical spine. The cervical spine, 3rd edn. ISBN 0397515359, Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; Philadelphia, PA 19106 USA

    Google Scholar 

  2. Panjabi MM, Cholewicki J, Nibu K, Babat LB, Dvorak J (1998) Simulation of whiplash trauma using whole cervical spine specimens. Spine 23(1):17–24

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Moroney SP, Schultz AB, Miller JAA, Andersson GBJ (1988) Load–displacement properties of lower cervical spine motion segments. J Biomech 21(9):769–779

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Myers BS, Mcelhaney JH, Doherty BJ (1991) The viscoelastic responses of the human cervical spine in torsion: experimental limitations of quasi-linear theory, and a method for reducing these effects. J Biomech 24:811–817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Shea M, Edwards WT, White AA, Hayes WC (1991) Variations of stiffness and strength along the human cervical spine. J Biomech 24(2):95–107

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Yoganandan N, Kumaresan S, Voo L, Pintar FA (1997) Finite elementa model of the human lower cervical spine: parametric analysis of the C4-C6 unit. J Biomech Eng 119:87–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Voo LM, Pintar FA, Yoganandan N, Liu YK (1998) Static and dynamic bending responses of the human cervical spine. J Biomech Eng 120:693–696

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Teo EC, Paul JP, Evans JH, Ng HW (2001) Experimental investigation of failure load and fracture patterns of C2 (axis). J Biomech 34:1005–1010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Teo EC, Ng HW (2001) First cervical vertebra (atlas) fracture mechanism studies using finite element method. J Biomech 34:13–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kaplan SJ, Hayes WC, Stone JL (1985) Tensile strength of bovine trabecular bone. J Biomech 18(9):723–727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Keaveny TM, Wachtel EF, Ford CM, Hayes WC (1994) Differences between the tensile and compressive strengths of bovine tibial trabecular bone depend on modulus. J Biomech 27(9):1137–1146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Røhl L, Larsen E, Linde F, Odgaard A, Jørgensen J (1991) Tensile and compressive properties of cancellous bone. J Biomech 24(12):1143–1149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Keaveny TM, Borchers RE, Gibson LJ, Hayes WC (1993) Theoretical analysis of the experimental artifact in trabecular bone compressive modulus. J Biomech 26(4/5):599–607

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Fung YC (1993) Biomechanics: mechanical properties of living tissues, 2nd edn. Springer, New York. ISBN 0387979476

    Google Scholar 

  15. Morgan EF, Keaveny TM (2001) Dependence of yield strain of human trabecular bone on anatomic site. J Biomech 34:569–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Keaveny TM, Guo XE, Wachtel WF, Mcmahon TA, Hayes WC (1994) Trabecular bone exhibits fully linear elastic behavior and yields at low strains. J Biomech 27(9):1127–1136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Edwards WT, McBroom RC, Hayes WC (1986) Variation of density in the vertebral body measured by quantitative computed tomography. Presented at the 32nd annual meeting of the orthopaedic research society, New Orleans, p 42

    Google Scholar 

  18. Keller TS, Hannson TH, Abram AC, Spengler DM, Panjabi MM (1989) Regional variations in the cmpressive properties of lumbar vertebral trabeculae: effects of disc degeneration. Spine 14:1012–1019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Cody DD, Brown EB, Flynn MJ (1992) Regional bone density distribution in female spines (T6-L4). 38th annual meeting, Orthopaedic Research Sciety, p 449, Feb 1992

    Google Scholar 

  20. Nafei A, Kabel J, Odgaard A, Linde F, Hvid I (2000) Properties of growing trabecular ovine bone. J Bone Joint Surg 82-B(6):921–927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Carter DR, Washington S, Hayes WC, Pennsylvania P (1977) The compressive behavior of bone as a two-phase porous structure. J Bone Joint Surg 59-A(7):954–962

    Google Scholar 

  22. Sharp DJ, Tanner KE, Bonfield W (1990) Measurement of the density of trabecular one. J Biomech 23(8):853–857

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Lotz JC, Gerhart TN, Hayes WC (1991) Mechanical properties of metaphyseal bone in the proximal femur. J Biomech 24(5):317–329

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Swartz DE, Wittenberg RH, Shea M, WhiteIII AA, Hayes WC (1991) Physical and mechanical properties of calf lumbosacral trabecular bone. J Biomech 24(11):1059–1068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Giesen EBW, Ding M, Dalstra M, Van Eijden TMGJ (2001) Mechanical properties of cancellous bone in the human mandibular condyle are anisotropic. J Biomech 34:799–803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Linde F, Hvid I, Madsen F (1992) The effect of specimen geometry on the mechanical behaviour of trabecular bone specimens. J Biomech 25(4):359–368

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Jensen NC, Madsen LP, Linde F (1991) Topographical distribution of trabecular bone strength in the human os calcanei. J Biomech 24(1):49–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Keaveny TM, Borchers RE, Gibson LJ, Hayes WC (1993) Trabecular bone modulus and strength can depend on specimen geometry. J Biomech 26(8):991–1000

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Keller TS (1994) Predicting the compressive mechanical behavior of bone. J Biomech 27(9):1159–1168

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Kopperdahl DL, Keaveny TM (1998) Yield strain behavior of trabecular bone. J Biomech 31:601–608

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Gibson LJ (1985) The mechanical behaviour of cancellous bone. J Biomech 18(5):317–328

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kasra M, Grynpas MD (1998) Static and dynamic finite element analyses of an idealized structural model of vertebral trabecular bone. J Biomech Eng 120:267–272

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Temasek Laboratories @ NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore

    J. F. Liu

  2. Impact Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore

    V. P. W. Shim

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia

    P. V. S. Lee

Authors
  1. J. F. Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. V. P. W. Shim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. P. V. S. Lee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to J. F. Liu .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Auburn University, Alabama, Auburn, 36849-5341, USA

    Barton C. Prorok

  2. McGill University, Montreal, H4B 2R3, Canada

    François Barthelat

  3. State University of New York, State University of New York, Stony Brook, 11794, USA

    Chad S. Korach

  4. Rice University, Houston, 77251-1892, USA

    K. Jane Grande-Allen

  5. Auburn University, Auburn, 36849-5127, USA

    Elizabeth Lipke

  6. University of Connecticut, Storrs, 06269-3088, USA

    George Lykofatitits

  7. Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907-2051, USA

    Pablo Zavattieri

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2013 The Society for Experimental Mechanics, Inc.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Liu, J.F., Shim, V.P.W., Lee, P.V.S. (2013). Quasi-static Compressive and Tensile Tests on Cancellous Bone in Human Cervical Spine. In: Prorok, B., et al. Mechanics of Biological Systems and Materials, Volume 5. Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4427-5_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4427-5_16

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-4426-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-4427-5

  • eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation