Abstract
This chapter appraises the role of melt extrusion as a solubilization and bioavailability enhancement technique. The introductory chapter highlights major aspects of hot melt extrusion (HME) technology as applied in the pharmaceutical industry, particularly processing techniques, material considerations, recent innovative applications of melt extrusion in drug delivery system design, and a review of current HME-based formulations (marketed or under commercial development). The chapter also focuses on key development aspects of HME processes, such as material sparing screening approaches, process formulation relationships, and stability evaluation of prototype formulations, which emphasize the clinical and biological significance of this technique. In addition, it displays the journey and evolution of this important processing technology into an established pharmaceutical manufacturing platform. The chapter describes several case studies wherein melt extrusion has been utilized to develop commercial drug products.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abberger T, Seo A et al (2002) “The effect of droplet size and powder particle size on the mechanisms of nucleation and growth in fluid bed melt agglomeration”. Int J Pharm 249(1–2):185–197
Administration F. a. D. (2004).) Process Analytical Technology Initiative, Guidance for Industry, PAT—a framework for innovative pharmaceutical development, manufacturing and quality assurance. U. S. D. o. H. a. H. S. F. a. D. administration
Almeida A, Saerens L et al (2012) “Upscaling and in-line process monitoring via spectroscopic techniques of ethylene vinyl acetate hot-melt extruded formulations”. Int J Pharm 439(1–2):223–229
Amann LC, Gandal MJ et al (2010) “In vitro-in vivo correlations of scalable PLGA-risperidone implants for the treatment of schizophrenia”. Pharm Res 27(8):1730–1737
Andrews GP, Jones DS et al (2008) “The manufacture and characterisation of hot-melt extruded enteric tablets”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 69(1):264–273
Barillaro V, Pescarmona PP et al (2008) “High-throughput study of phenytoin solid dispersions: formulation using an automated solvent casting method, dissolution testing, and scaling-up”. J Comb Chem 10(5):637–643
Bartholomaeus JH, Arkenau ME, Galia E (2012) “Opioid extended-release tablets with improved tamper-resistant properties”. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 9(8):879–891
Bialleck S, Rein H (2011).) “Preparation of starch-based pellets by hot-melt extrusion”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 79(2):440–448
Breitenbach J (2002) “Melt extrusion: from process to drug delivery technology”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 54(2):107–117
Breitenbach J, Magerlein M (2003). Melt extruded molecular dispersions. In Ghebre-Sellassie I, Martin C. (eds) Pharmaceutical extrusion technology, vol 133. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
Breitenbach J (2006) “Melt extrusion can bring new benefits to HIV therapy: the example of Kaletra® tablets”. Am J Drug Deliv 4(2):61–64
Cassidy CM, Tunney MM et al (2011) “Development of Novel Oral Formulations Prepared via Hot Melt Extrusion for Targeted Delivery of Photosensitizer to the Colon”. Photochem Photobiol 87(4):867–876
Chatterji A (2012).) Process for controlled crystallization of an active pharmaceutical ingredient from supercooled liquid state by hot melt extrusion. U. S. P. T. O. (ed), Roche.
Chatterji A, Miller DA, Sandhu H, Shah N (2012).) Process for controlled crystallization of an active pharmaceutical ingredient from supercooled liquid state by hot melt extrusion. www.uspto.gov. U. S. P. a. T. Office, United states of America
Chen H, Shi S et al (2010) “Combined application of extrusion-spheronization and hot-melt coating technologies for improving moisture-proofing of herbal extracts”. J Pharm Sci 99(5):2444–2454
Costeux S, Barger M, Luker K, Badami A, Walton K (2011).) “Facile TPO dispersion using extensional mixing”. 69th Annual Technical Conference of the Society of Plastics Engineers 2011. ANTEC, vol 1, pp 22–27
Crowley MM, Fredersdorf A et al (2004) “The influence of guaifenesin and ketoprofen on the properties of hot-melt extruded polyethylene oxide films”. Eur J Pharm Sci 22(5):409–418
Crowley MM, Zhang F et al (2002) “Stability of polyethylene oxide in matrix tablets prepared by hot-melt extrusion”. BioMaterials 23(21):4241–4248
Crowley MM, Zhang F et al (2007) “Pharmaceutical applications of hot-melt extrusion: Part I”. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 33(9):909–926
Dai WG, Dong LC et al (2007) “Parallel screening approach to identify solubility-enhancing formulations for improved bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble compound using milligram quantities of material”. Int J Pharm 336(1):1–11
Dai WG, Pollock-Dove C et al (2008) “Advanced screening assays to rapidly identify solubility-enhancing formulations: high-throughput, miniaturization and automation”. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60(6):657–72
Daurio D, Medina C et al (2011).) “Application of Twin Screw extrusion in the manufacture of cocrystals, Part I: Four case studies”. Pharmaceutics 3(3):582–600.
De Beer T, Burggraeve A et al (2011) “Near infrared and Raman spectroscopy for the in-process monitoring of pharmaceutical production processes”. Int J Pharm 417(1–2):32–47
De Brabander C, Vervaet C et al (2000) “Matrix mini-tablets based on starch/microcrystalline wax mixtures”. Int J Pharm 199(2):195–203
Dhumal RS, Kelly AL et al (2010) “Cocrystalization and simultaneous agglomeration using hot melt extrusion”. Pharm Res 27(12):2725–2733
Dierickx L, Saerens L et al (2012a) “Co-extrusion as manufacturing technique for fixed-dose combination mini-matrices”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 81(3):683–689
DiNunzio JC, Brough C et al (2010a) “Fusion production of solid dispersions containing a heat-sensitive active ingredient by hot melt extrusion and Kinetisol dispersing”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 74(2):340–351
DiNunzio JC, Brough C et al (2010b) “Fusion processing of itraconazole solid dispersions by kinetisol dispersing: a comparative study to hot melt extrusion”. J Pharm Sci 99(3):1239–50123
DiNunzio JC, Zhang F, Martin C, McGinity JW (2012) Melt extrusion. In: Williams RO, III, Watts AB, Miller DA (eds) Formulating poorly water soluble drugs, vol 3. Springer, New York, pp 311–362
Dreiblatt A (ed) (2003) Process design. Pharmaceutical extrusion technology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
Dreiblatt A (ed) (2012) Technological considerations related to scale-up of hot-melt extrusion processes. Hot-melt extrusion: pharmaceutical applications. Wiley, Chichester
Dwayne T, Friesen D, Douglas KL, Lorenz A, Bruno C. Hancock T, McDermott J, Shanker RM (2004).) Dosage form comprising a CETP inhibitor and an HMG-COA reductase inhibitor. U. S. P. T. O. (ed), United States of America.
Engers D, Teng J et al (2010) “A solid-state approach to enable early development compounds: selection and animal bioavailability studies of an itraconazole amorphous solid dispersion”. J Pharm Sci 99(9):3901–3922
Feng J, Xu L et al (2011) “Evaluation of polymer carriers with regard to the bioavailability enhancement of bifendate solid dispersions prepared by hot-melt extrusion”. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 38(6):735–743
Forster A, Hempenstall J et al (2001) “Characterization of glass solutions of poorly water-soluble drugs produced by melt extrusion with hydrophilic amorphous polymers”. J Pharm Pharmacol 53(3):303–315
Fu J, Zhang L et al (2010) “Stable nimodipine tablets with high bioavailability containing NM-SD prepared by hot-melt extrusion”. Powder Technol 204(2–3):214–221
Fukuda M, Peppas NA et al (2006) “Floating hot-melt extruded tablets for gastroretentive controlled drug release system”. J Control Release 115(2):121–129
Fukuda M, Miller DA et al (2008) “Influence of sulfobutyl ether beta-cyclodextrin (Captisol) on the dissolution properties of a poorly soluble drug from extrudates prepared by hot-melt extrusion”. Int J Pharm 350(1–2):188–196
Geers S (2010) Polymer formulations of CETP inhibitors. U. S. P. T. O. (ed).Merck, United States of America
Ghalanbor Z, Korber M et al (2010) “Improved lysozyme stability and release properties of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) implants prepared by hot-melt extrusion”. Pharm Res 27(2):371–379
Ghebremeskel AN, Vemavarapu C et al (2006) “Use of surfactants as plasticizers in preparing solid dispersions of poorly soluble API: stability testing of selected solid dispersions”. Pharm Res 23(8):1928–1936
Ghosh I, Snyder J et al (2011) “Comparison of HPMC based polymers performance as carriers for manufacture of solid dispersions using the melt extruder”. Int J Pharm 419(1–2):12–9
Giles HFJ, Wagner JRJ, III MEM (2005).) Extrusion: the definitive processing guide and handbook. William Andrew Inc., New York
Gilis PM, De Condé VFV, Vandecruys RPG. (1997).) Beads having a core coated with an antifungal and a polymer. U. S. P. T. Office. United States of America.
Gnoth S, Jenzsch M et al (2007) “Process Analytical Technology (PAT): batch-to-batch reproducibility of fermentation processes by robust process operational design and control”. J Biotechnol 132(2):180–186
Gogos CC, Tadmor Z, Kim MH (1998) “Melting phenomena and mechanisms in polymer processing equipment”. Adv Poly Technol 17(4):285–305.
Gryczke A, Schminke S et al (2011) “Development and evaluation of orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) containing Ibuprofen granules prepared by hot melt extrusion”. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 86(2):275–284.
Guns S, Mathot V et al (2012) “Upscaling of the hot-melt extrusion process: comparison between laboratory scale and pilot scale production of solid dispersions with miconazole and Kollicoat IR”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 81(3):674–682
Gupta P, Kakumanu VK et al (2004) “Stability and solubility of celecoxib-PVP amorphous dispersions: a molecular perspective”. Pharm Res 21(10):1762–1769
Han W, Wang X (2012) “Optimal geometry design of the coat-hanger die with uniform outlet velocity and minimal residence time”. J Appl Polym Sci 123(4):2511–2516
Hughey JR, DiNunzio JC et al (2010) “Dissolution enhancement of a drug exhibiting thermal and acidic decomposition characteristics by fusion processing: a comparative study of hot melt extrusion and KinetiSol dispersing”. AAPS PharmSciTech 11(2):760–774
Jaruratanasirikul S, Kleepkaew A (1997) “Influence of an acidic beverage (Coca-Cola) on the absorption of itraconazole”. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 52(3):235–237
Johnson TJ, Gupta KM et al (2010) “Segmented polyurethane intravaginal rings for the sustained combined delivery of antiretroviral agents dapivirine and tenofovir”. Eur J Pharm Sci 39(4):203–212
Kakumanu VK, Bansal AK (2002) “Enthalpy relaxation studies of celecoxib amorphous mixtures”. Pharm Res 19(12):1873–1878
Khougaz K, Clas SD (2000) “Crystallization inhibition in solid dispersions of MK-0591 and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) polymers”. J Pharm Sci 89(10):1325–1334
Klein CE, Chiu YL et al (2007) “The tablet formulation of lopinavir/ritonavir provides similar bioavailability to the soft-gelatin capsule formulation with less pharmacokinetic variability and diminished food effect”. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 44(4):401–410
Klueglich M, Ring A et al (2005) “Ibuprofen extrudate, a novel, rapidly dissolving ibuprofen formulation: relative bioavailability compared to ibuprofen lysinate and regular ibuprofen, and food effect on all formulations”. J Clin Pharmacol 45(9):1055–1061
Konno H, Taylor LS (2006) “Influence of different polymers on the crystallization tendency of molecularly dispersed amorphous felodipine”. J Pharm Sci 95(12):2692–2705
Krishna R, Bergman AJ et al (2011) “Model-based development of anacetrapib, a novel cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor”. AAPS J 13(2):179–190
Krishna G, Ma L et al (2012) “A new solid oral tablet formulation of posaconazole: a randomized clinical trial to investigate rising single- and multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and safety in healthy volunteers”. J Antimicrob Chemother 67(11):2725–2730
Lakshman JP, Cao Y et al (2008) “Application of melt extrusion in the development of a physically and chemically stable high-energy amorphous solid dispersion of a poorly water-soluble drug”. Mol Pharm 5(6):994–1002
Fang LY, Gopal Krishna DH, Allen E, Moton JR, Prestipino RC, Steinman M, Wan J, Waskin HA (2009).) High density compositions containing posaconazole and formulations comprising the same. W. I. P. O. (ed), Schering Corporation, United States of America.
Lauer ME, Grassmann O et al (2011) “Atomic force microscopy-based screening of drug-excipient miscibility and stability of solid dispersions”. Pharm Res 28(3):572–584
Linn M, Collnot EM et al (2012) “Soluplus(R) as an effective absorption enhancer of poorly soluble drugs in vitro and in vivo”. Eur J Pharm Sci 45(3):336–343
Listro T, Borek M, Crowley MM, Nollenberger K (2012).) Hot melt extrusion: analytical tools & techniques in hot melt extrusion & case studies on formulation development & process scale-up. Drug Dev Deliv 12(7):36–40
Liu H, Wang P et al (2010) “Effects of extrusion process parameters on the dissolution behavior of indomethacin in Eudragit EPO solid dispersions”. Int J Pharm 383(1–2):161–169
Liu H, Zhu L et al (2012) “Effects of screw configuration on indomethacin dissolution behavior in Eudragit EPO”. Adv. Polym. Technol 31(4):331–342
Liu J, Zhang F et al (2001) “Properties of lipophilic matrix tablets containing phenylpropanolamine hydrochloride prepared by hot-melt extrusion”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 52(2):181–190
Liu X, Lu M et al (2012) “Improving the chemical stability of amorphous solid dispersion with cocrystal technique by hot melt extrusion”. Pharm Res 29(3):806–817
Lowinger M (2011).) “Process development: scaling a melt extrusion process from conception to commercialization” American Pharmaceutical Review, pp 80–84.
Luo Y, Xu L et al (2013) “Improvement of dissolution and bioavailability of Ginsenosides by hot melt extrusion and cogrinding”. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 39(1):109–116
Lyons JG, Blackie P et al (2008) “The significance of variation in extrusion speeds and temperatures on a PEO/PCL blend based matrix for oral drug delivery”. Int J Pharm 453(1):233–252
Maniruzzaman M BJ, Douroumis D (2011) “Taste masking of bitter APIs by using hot melt extrusion (HME)”. AAPS J 13 (S2):T3273–T3273
Mansky P, Dai W-G et al (2007) “Screening method to identify preclinical liquid and semi-solid formulations for low solubility compounds: Miniaturization and automation of solvent casting and dissolution testing”. J Pharm Sci 96(6):1548–1563
Markarian J (2012) Scale-up challenges in hot-melt extrusion critical issues that should be considered when scaling up a hot-melt extrusion process. Pharm Technol (Advanstar Communications Inc.) 36:88–92
Marsac PJ, Rumondor AC et al (2010) “Effect of temperature and moisture on the miscibility of amorphous dispersions of felodipine and poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)”. J Pharm Sci 99(1):169–185
Matsumoto T, Zografi G (1999) “Physical properties of solid molecular dispersions of indomethacin with poly(vinylpyrrolidone) and poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl-acetate) in relation to indomethacin crystallization”. Pharm Res 16(11):1722–1728
McKelvey CA, Schenck L, Lowinger M, Gregory M (2008) Applying Extrusion to Pharmaceutical Formulation Design. Society of Plastics Engineers Annual Technical Conference
Mididoddi PK, Prodduturi S et al (2006) “Influence of tartaric acid on the bioadhesion and mechanical properties of hot-melt extruded hydroxypropyl cellulose films for the human nail”. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 32(9):1059–1066
Mididoddi PK, Repka MA (2007) “Characterization of hot-melt extruded drug delivery systems for onychomycosis”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 66(1):95–105
Miller DA. (2011) Hot-melt extrusion for improved dissolution properties of poorly watersoluble molecules. U. S. P. a. T. O. (ed). United States of America, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., United States of America
Miller DA, McConville JT et al (2007) “Hot-melt extrusion for enhanced delivery of drug particles”. J Pharm Sci 96(2):361–376
Miller DA, DiNunzio JC et al (2008) “Targeted intestinal delivery of supersaturated itraconazole for improved oral absorption”. Pharm Res 25(6):1450–1459
Miyazaki T, Yoshioka S et al (2004) “Ability of polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyacrylic acid to inhibit the crystallization of amorphous acetaminophen”. J Pharm Sci 93(11):2710–2717
Mollan M (2003) Historical Overview. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
Mu B, Thompson MR (2012) “Examining the mechanics of granulation with a hot melt binder in a twin-screw extruder”. Chem Eng Sci 81:46–56
Nakamichi K, Nakano T et al (2002) “The role of the kneading paddle and the effects of screw revolution speed and water content on the preparation of solid dispersions using a twin-screw extruder”. Int J Pharm 241(2):203–211
Ndindayino F, Vervaet C et al (2002a) “Bioavailability of hydrochlorothiazide from isomalt-based moulded tablets”. Int J Pharm 246(1–2):199–202
Ndindayino F, Vervaet C et al (2002b) “Direct compression and moulding properties of co-extruded isomalt/drug mixtures”. Int J Pharm 235(1–2):159–168
Newman A, Knipp G et al (2012) “Assessing the performance of amorphous solid dispersions”. J Pharm Sci 101(4):1355–1377
Özgüney I, Shuwisitkul D et al (2009) “Development and characterization of extended release Kollidon® SR mini-matrices prepared by hot-melt extrusion”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 73(1):140–145
Perdikoulias J, Dobbie T (2003) Die design. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
Prodduturi S, Urman KL et al (2007) “Stabilization of hot-melt extrusion formulations containing solid solutions using polymer blends” AAPS Pharm Sci Tech 8(2):5–0
Qi S, Belton P et al (2010) “Characterisation and prediction of phase separation in hot-melt extruded solid dispersions: a thermal, microscopic and NMR relaxometry study”. Pharm Res 27(9):1869–1883
Qian F, Huang J et al (2010) “Drug-polymer solubility and miscibility: Stability consideration and practical challenges in amorphous solid dispersion development”. J Pharm Sci 99(7):2941–2947
Quinten T, Gonnissen Y et al (2009) “Development of injection moulded matrix tablets based on mixtures of ethylcellulose and low-substituted hydroxypropylcellulose”. Eur J Pharm Sci 37(3–4):207–216
Rathore AS, Bhambure R et al (2010) “Process analytical technology (PAT) for biopharmaceutical products”. Anal Bioanal Chem 398(1):137–154
Rauwendaal C (ed) (2001) Polymer extrusion. Hanser, Munich
Repka MA, McGinity JW (2001) “Influence of chlorpheniramine maleate on topical hydroxypropylcellulose films produced by hot-melt extrusion”. Pharm Dev Technol 6(3):297–304
Repka MA, Gerding TG et al (1999) “Influence of plasticizers and drugs on the physical-mechanical properties of hydroxypropylcellulose films prepared by hot melt extrusion”. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 25(5):625–633
Repka MA, Battu SK et al (2007) “Pharmaceutical applications of hot-melt extrusion: Part II”. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 33(10):1043–1057
Repka MA, Majumdar S et al (2008) “Applications of hot-melt extrusion for drug delivery”. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 5(12):1357–1576
Repka MA, Shah S et al (2012) “Melt extrusion: process to product”. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 9(1):105–125
Robinson JR, Mcginity JW (2000).) Ethypharm SA, effervescent granules and methods for their preparation. United States of America
Rodrigues LO, Alves TP et al (2006) “Improving drug manufacturing with process analytical technology”. IDrugs 9(1):44–48
Roth W, Setnik B et al (2009) “Ethanol effects on drug release from Verapamil Meltrex, an innovative melt extruded formulation”. Int J Pharm 368(1–2):72–75
Rumondor AC, Marsac PJ et al (2009).) “Phase behavior of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) containing amorphous solid dispersions in the presence of moisture”. Mol Pharm 6(5):1492–1505.
Rumondor AC, Wikstrom H et al (2011) “Understanding the tendency of amorphous solid dispersions to undergo amorphous-amorphous phase separation in the presence of absorbed moisture”. AAPS PharmSciTech 12(4):1209–1219
Sakurai A, Sakai T et al (2012) “Polymer combination increased both physical stability and oral absorption of solid dispersions containing a low glass transition temperature drug: physicochemical characterization and in vivo study”. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 60(4):459–464
Sathigari SK, Radhakrishnan VK et al (2012).) “Amorphous-state characterization of efavirenz-polymer hot-melt extrusion systems for dissolution enhancement” J Pharm Sci 101(9):3456–3464
Sauer D, Zheng W et al (2007) “Influence of processing parameters and formulation factors on the drug release from tablets powder-coated with Eudragit L 100–55”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 67(2):464–475
Schenck L, Troup GM, Lowinger M, Li L, McKelvey C (eds) (2010).) Achieving a hot melt extrusion design space for the production of solid solutions. Chemical engineering in the pharmaceutical industry: R & D to manufacturing. John Wiley, New York
Schilling SU, Shah NH et al (2007) “Citric acid as a solid-state plasticizer for Eudragit RS PO”. J Pharm Pharmacol 59(11):1493–1500
Schilling SU, Bruce CD et al (2008) “Citric acid monohydrate as a release-modifying agent in melt extruded matrix tablets”. Int J Pharm 361(1–2):158–168
Schilling SU, Lirola HL et al (2010a) “Influence of plasticizer type and level on the properties of Eudragit S100 matrix pellets prepared by hot-melt extrusion”. J Microencapsul 27(6):521–532
Schilling SU, McGinity JW (2010b) “Novel application of hot-melt extrusion for the preparation of monolithic matrices containing enteric-coated particles”. Int J Pharm 400(1–2):24–31
Schilling SU, Shah NH et al (2010c) “Properties of melt extruded enteric matrix pellets”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 74(2):352–361
Scott B, Wilcock A (2006) “Process analytical technology in the pharmaceutical industry: a toolkit for continuous improvement”. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 60(1):17–53
Shah S, Maddineni S et al (2013) “Melt extrusion with poorly soluble drugs”. Int J Pharm 453(1):233–252
Shanbhag A, Rabel S et al (2008) “Method for screening of solid dispersion formulations of low-solubility compounds—miniaturization and automation of solvent casting and dissolution testing”. Int J Pharm 351(1–2):209–18
Sherry R (2007).) Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare (UK) Limited assignee. Granules comprising paracetamol, a NSAID and a sugar alcohol made by melt extrusion patent
Six K, Berghmans H et al (2003a) “Characterization of solid dispersions of itraconazole and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose prepared by melt extrusion: Part II”. Pharm Res 20(7):1047–1054
Six K, Murphy J et al (2003b) “Identification of phase separation in solid dispersions of itraconazole and Eudragit E100 using microthermal analysis”. Pharm Res 20(1):135–138
Six K, Verreck G et al (2004) “Increased physical stability and improved dissolution properties of itraconazole, a class II drug, by solid dispersions that combine fast- and slow-dissolving polymers”. J Pharm Sci 93(1):124–131
Six K, Daems T et al (2005) “Clinical study of solid dispersions of itraconazole prepared by hot-stage extrusion”. Eur J Pharm Sci 24(2–3):179–186
Smith AJ, Kavuru P et al (2011) “Cocrystals of quercetin with improved solubility and oral bioavailability”. Mol Pharm 8(5):1867–1876
Steiner R (2003) Extruder design. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
Tadmor Z, Klein I (1970) Engineering principles of plasticating extrusion. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York
Taylor LS, Zografi G (1997) “Spectroscopic characterization of interactions between PVP and indomethacin in amorphous molecular dispersions”. Pharm Res 14(12):1691–1698
Thiele W (ed) (2003) Twin-screw extrusion and screw design. Pharmaceutical extrusion technology. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York
Tho I, Liepold B et al (2010) “Formation of nano/micro-dispersions with improved dissolution properties upon dispersion of ritonavir melt extrudate in aqueous media”. Eur J Pharm Sci 40(1):25–32
Thumma S, ElSohly MA et al (2008a) “Influence of plasticizers on the stability and release of a prodrug of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol incorporated in poly (ethylene oxide) matrices”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 70(2):605–614
Thumma S, Majumdar S et al (2008b) “Chemical stability and bioadhesive properties of an ester prodrug of Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in poly(ethylene oxide) matrices: effect of formulation additives”. Int J Pharm 362(1–2):126–132
Todd D (1993).) “Melting of plastics in kneading blocks”. Int Polym Proc 8:113–118
Todd DB (ed) (1995) Introduction to compounding. Plastics compounding: equipment and processing. Hanser, New York
Todd D (1998) “Practical aspects of processing in intermeshing twin screw extruders”. J Reinforc Plast Compos 17:1607–1616
Toensmeier PA (2000).) “High-value niche grows in multi-layer die design”. Modern Plastics 43:52–54
Trey SM, Wicks DA et al (2007) “Delivery of itraconazole from extruded HPC films”. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 33(7):727–735
Tumuluri VS, Kemper MS et al (2008).) “Off-line and on-line measurements of drug-loaded hot-melt extruded films using Raman spectroscopy”. Int J Pharm 357(1–2):77–84
Upadhye SB, Kulkarni SJ et al (2010) “Preparation and characterization of inclusion complexes of a hemisuccinate ester prodrug of delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol with modified beta-cyclodextrins”. AAPS PharmSciTech 11(2):509–517
van den Mooter G, Wuyts M et al (2001) “Physical stabilisation of amorphous ketoconazole in solid dispersions with polyvinylpyrrolidone K25”. Eur J Pharm Sci 12(3):261–269
van Eerdenbrugh B, Taylor LS (2010) “Small scale screening to determine the ability of different polymers to inhibit drug crystallization upon rapid solvent evaporation”. Mol Pharm 7(4):1328–1337
van Laarhoven JA, Kruft MA et al (2002a) “Effect of supersaturation and crystallization phenomena on the release properties of a controlled release device based on EVA copolymer”. J Control Release 82(2–3):309–317
van Laarhoven JA, Kruft MA et al (2002b) “In vitro release properties of etonogestrel and ethinyl estradiol from a contraceptive vaginal ring”. Int J Pharm 232(1–2):163–173
van Melkebeke B, Vermeulen B et al (2006) “Melt granulation using a twin-screw extruder: a case study”. Int J Pharm 326(1–2):89–93
Vasanthavada M, Wang Y et al (2011) “Application of melt granulation technology using twin-screw extruder in development of high-dose modified-release tablet formulation”. J Pharm Sci 100(5):1923–1934
Vasconcelos T, Sarmento B et al (2007) “Solid dispersions as strategy to improve oral bioavailability of poor water soluble drugs”. Drug Discov Today 12(23–24):1068–1075
Verhoeven E, Vervaet C et al (2006) “Xanthan gum to tailor drug release of sustained-release ethylcellulose mini-matrices prepared via hot-melt extrusion: in vitro and in vivo evaluation”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 63(3):320–330
Verreck G, Decorte A et al (2006).) “The effect of pressurized carbon dioxide as a plasticizer and foaming agent on the hot melt extrusion process and extrudate properties of pharmaceutical polymers” J Supercrit Fluid 38(3):383–391
Verreck G, Six K et al (2003) “Characterization of solid dispersions of itraconazole and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose prepared by melt extrusion–Part I”. Int J Pharm 251(1–2):165–174
Vilhelmsen T, Schaefer T (2005) “Agglomerate formation and growth mechanisms during melt agglomeration in a rotary processor”. Int J Pharm 304(1–2):152–164
Weuts IF van Dycke F et al. (2011) “Physicochemical properties of the amorphous drug, cast films, and spray dried powders to predict formulation probability of success for solid dispersions: etravirine”. J Pharm Sci 100(1):260–274
Wu C, McGinity JW (2003) “Influence of methylparaben as a solid-state plasticizer on the physicochemical properties of Eudragit RS PO hot-melt extrudates”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 56(1):95–100
Wyttenbach N, Janas C et al (2013) “Miniaturized screening of polymers for amorphous drug stabilization (SPADS): Rapid assessment of solid dispersion systems”. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 84(3):583–598
Young CR, Koleng JJ et al (2002) “Production of spherical pellets by a hot-melt extrusion and spheronization process”. Int J Pharm 242(1–2):87–92
Zhang W, Yang S et al (2009) “Technology for improving the bioavailability of small molecules extracted from traditional Chinese medicines”. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 6(11):1247–1259
Zheng X, Yang R et al (2007) “Part I: characterization of solid dispersions of nimodipine prepared by hot-melt extrusion”. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 33(7):791–802
Zhou F, Vervaet C et al (1996) “Matrix pellets based on the combination of waxes, starches and maltodextrins”. Int J Pharm 133(1–2):155–160
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2013 American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Shah, S., Repka, M. (2013). Melt Extrusion in Drug Delivery: Three Decades of Progress. In: Repka, M., Langley, N., DiNunzio, J. (eds) Melt Extrusion. AAPS Advances in the Pharmaceutical Sciences Series, vol 9. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8432-5_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8432-5_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-8431-8
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-8432-5
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)