Abstract
Brillouin light scattering is generally referred to as the inelastic scattering of an incident optical wave field by thermally excited elastic waves (elastic waves of thermal origin are usually called acoustic phonons) in a sample. This subject was first investigated early in the century by Brillouin(1) and Mandelshtam(2) in the case of scattering from transparent materials. Since the advent of the laser as a powerful source of monochromatic light, Brillouin scattering has received considerable interest for characterizing elastic and optoelastic bulk properties of materials.3,4 More recently with the introduction of high-contrast spectrometers,(5) scattering from opaque materials can be studied, thereby permitting considerable advances in the study of surface acoustic waves in solids. In the last decade, Brillouin scattering from surfaces, more often called surface Brillouin scattering (SBS), has been widely used to investigate elastic properties of thin films, interfaces, and layered materials.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Brillouin, L. (1922). Propagation of light in a dispersive medium. Ann. Phys. 17, 88–96.
Mandelshtam, L. J. (1926). Thermal scattering by crystals. Zh. Russ. Fiz. Khim. Ova. 58, 381–394.
Benedek, G. B. and Fritsch, K. (1966). Brillouin scattering in crystals. Phys. Rev. 149, 647–662.
Vacher, R. and Boyer, L. (1972). Brillouin scattering: a tool for the measurement of elastic and photoelastic constants. Phys. Rev. B 6, 639–673.
Sandercock, J. R. (1982). In: Light Scattering in Solids III, Topics in Applied Physics vol. 51 (M. Cardona and G. Güntherodt, eds.), pp. 173–206. Springer, Berlin.
Born, M. and Wolf, E. (1964). Principles of Optics, Pergamon, Oxford, UK, pp. 100–104.
Landau, L. and Lifshitz, E. M. (1958). Electrodynamics of Continuous Media, Pergamon, New York, chap. 14.
Mills, D. L., Maradudin, A. A., Burnstein, E. (1970). Theory of Raman effect in metals. Ann. Phys. 56, 504–524.
Loudon, R. (1978). Theory of lineshapes for normal incidence Brillouin scattering by acoustic phonons. Phys. Rev. Lett. 40, 581–583.
Loudon, R. (1978). Theory of surface ripple Brillouin scattering by solids. J. Phys. C. 11, 403–417.
Subbaswamy, K. R. and Maradudin, A. A. (1978). Theory of inelastic light scattering by acoustic phonons in an opaque crystal. Phys. Rev. B 18, 4181–99.
Rowell, N. L. and Stegeman, G. I. (1978). Brillouin scattering from isotropic metals. Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 970–73.
Rowell, N. L. and Stegeman, G. I. (1978). Brillouin scattering from surface phonons in thin films. Phys. Rev. B 18, 2598–2615.
Marvin, A. M., Bortolani, V., Nizzoli, F. (1980). Surface Brillouin scattering from acoustic phonons: I. General theory. J. Phys. C 13, 299–317.
Marvin, A. M., Bortolani, V., Nizzoli, F., and Santoro, G. (1980). Surface Brillouin scattering from acoustic phonons: Applications to semiconductors. J. Phys. C 13, 1607.
Velasco, V. R. and Garcia-Moliner, F. (1980). Brillouin scattering from surface waves. Sol. St. Comm. 33, 1–5.
Dervisch, A. and Loudon, R. (1976). Theory of the Brillouin scattering lineshape in an opaque material. J. Phys. C 9, L669–L673.
Auld, B. A. (1973). Acoustic Waves and Fields in Solids, vols. 1 & 2, Wiley, New York.
Farnell, G. W. (1970). In: Physical Acoustics, vol. 6 (W. P. Mason and R. W. Thurston, eds.), pp. 109–160. Academic Press, New York.
Bortolani, V., Nizzoli, F., Santoro, G. (1978). Surface density of acoustic phonons in GaAs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 41, 39–42.
Glass, N. E. and Maradudin, A. A. (1983). Leaky surface elastic waves on both flat and strongly corrugated surfaces for isotropic, nondissipative media. J. Appl. Phys. 54, 796–805.
Camley, R. E. and Nizzoli, F. (1985). Longitudinal resonance in surface acoustic phonons. J. Phys. C 18, 4795–4804.
Marvin, A. M., Toigo, F., Celli, V. (1975). Light scattering from rough surfaces: general incident angle and polarization. Phys. Rev. B 11, 1392–1415.
Albuquerque, E. L. (1980). Theory of Brillouin scattering by Stoneley waves. J. Phys. C 13, 2623–39.
Albuquerque, E. L., Loudon, R., Tilley, D. R. (1980). Theory of Brillouin scattering by Love waves. J. Phys. C 13, 1775–89.
Marvin, A. M., Bortolani, V., Nizzoli, F., Santoro, G., Celli, V. (1982). Theory of the three wave mixing of volume EM, surface polaritons and surface acoustic waves. J. Phys. C 15, 3273–80.
Bortolani, V., Marvin, A. M., Nizzoli, F., Santoro, G. (1983). Theory of Brillouin scattering from surface acoustic phonons in supported films. J. Phys. C 16, 219–30.
Albuquerque, E. L., Oliveros, M. C., Tilley, D. R. (1984). Brillouin scattering from an elastic film. J. Phys. C 17, 1451–63.
Farnell, G. W. and Adler, E. L. (1972). In: Physical Acoustics, vol. 9 (W. P. Mason and R. W. Thurston, eds.), pp. 35–121. Academic Press, New York.
Rowell, N. L. and Stegeman, G. I. (1982). Brillouin scattering in thin film optical waveguides: I. Theory of the phonon modes. Can J. Phys. 60, 1788–1803.
Rowell, N. L. and Stegeman, G. I. (1982). Brillouin scattering in thin film optical waveguides: II. Scattering theory. Can. J. Phys. 60, 1804–20.
Vaughan, J. M. (1989). The Fabry-Perot interferometer, Adam Hilger, Bristol U, UK.
Gustaffson, S. E., Khan, M. N., van Eijk, J. (1979). Wavelength scanning and mirror alignment of a new multipass Fabry-Perot interferometer. J. Phys. E 12, 1100–02.
Sandercock, J. R. (1976). Simple stabilization scheme for maintenance of mirror alignment in a scanning Fabry-Perot interferometer. J. Phys. E. 9, 566–69.
Sandercock, J. R. (1971). “The design and use of a stabilized multipass interferometer of high contrast ratio.” In: Proc. 2nd international conference on light scattering in solids (M. Balkanski, ed.), pp. 6–12. Flammarion, Paris.
Roychoudhury, C. and Hercher, M. (1977). Stable multipass Fabry-Perot interferometer: design and analysis. Appl. Opt. 16, 2514–20.
Lindsay, S. M., Anderson, M. W., Sandercock, J. R. (1981). Construction and alignment of a high performance multipass vernier Fabry -Perot interferometer. Rev. Sci. Instr. 52, 1478–89.
Mock, R., Hillebrands, B., Sandercock, J. R. (1987). Construction and performance of a Brillouin scattering set up using a triple pass tandem Fabry -Perot interferometer. J. Phys. E 20, 656–59.
Cannell, D. S. and Benedek, G. B. (1970). Brillouin scattering from xenon near its critical point. Phys. Rev. Lett. 25, 1157–1161.
Dil, J. G. and Brody, E. M. (1976). Brillouin scattering from isotropic metals. Phys. Rev. B 14, 5218–27.
Sandercock, J. R. (1980). US Patent 4 225–236.
Briggs, G. A. D. (1993). Acoustic Microscopy, Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK.
Loudon, R. and Sandercock, J. R. (1980). Analysis of the light scattering cross section for surface ripples on solids. J. Phys. C. 13, 2609–22.
Carlotti, G., Fioretto, D., Giovannini, L., Nizzoli, F., Socino, G., Verdini, L. (1992). Brillouin scattering by pseudosurface acoustic modes in (1ī1) GaAs. J. Phys. Cond. 4, 257–62.
Muni, P. (1993). Surface Acoustic Waves for Semiconductor Characterization. D. Phil. Thesis, Oxford University.
Giintherodt, G., Blumenroder, S., Hillebrands, B., Mock, R., Zirngrieb, E. (1985). Light scattering in metallic compounds and thin supported layers. Z. Phys. B 60, 423–32.
Sandercock, J. R. (1978). Light scattering from surface acoustic phonons in metals and semiconductors. Sol. St. Comm. 26, 543–51.
Bassoli, L., Nizzoli, F., Sandercock, J. R. (1986). Surface Brillouin scattering from polycrystalline gold. Phys. Rev. B 34, 1296–99.
Lim, T. C. and Farnell, G. W. (1968). Elastic surface wave propagation in crystals. J. Appl. Phys. 39, 4319–21.
Lim, T. C. and Farrell, G. W. (1969). Character of pseudo surface waves in anisotropic crystals. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 4, 845–48.
Dutcher, J. R., Lee, S., Hillebrands, B., McLaughlin, G. J., Nickel, B. G., Stegeman, G. I. (1992). Surface-grating-induced zone folding and hybridization of surface acoustic modes. Phys. Rev. Lett. 68, 2464–66.
Giovannini, L., Nizzoli, F., Marvin, A. M. (1992). Theory of surface acoustic phonon normal modes and light scattering cross section in a periodically corrugated surface. Phys. Rev. Lett. 69, 1572–78.
Bortolani, V., Nizzoli, F., Santoro, G., Sandercock, J. R. (1982). Strong interference effects in surface Brillouin scattering from a supported transparent film. Phys. Rev. B 25, 3442–45.
Karanikas, J. M., Sooryakumarand, R., Phillips, J. M. (1989). Brillouin cross section and localized phonons in CaF2/Si heterostructures. Phys. Rev. B 39, 1388–91.
Bortolani, V., Nizzoli, F., Santoro, G., Marvin, A., Sandercock, J. R. (1979). Brillouin scattering from surface phonons in Al-coated semiconductors. Phys. Rev. Lett. 43, 224–26.
Jorna, R., Visser, D., Bortolani, V., Nizzoli, F. (1989). Elastic and vibrational properties of nickel films measured by surface Brillouin scattering. J. Appl. Phys. 65, 718–825.
Bell, J. A., Zanoni, R. J., Seaton, C. T., Stegeman, G. I., Mokous, J., Falco, C. M. (1988). Elastic constants of, and Stoneley waves in molybdenum films measured by Brillouin scattering. Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 610–12.
Bell, J. A., Zanoni, R. J., Seaton, C. T., Stegeman, G. I., Bennet, W. R., Falco, C. M. (1987). Brillouin scattering from Love waves in Cu/Nb metallic superlattices. Appl. Phys. Lett. 51, 652–54.
Bottani, C. E., Ghislotti, G., Mutti, P. (1994). Brillouin scattering from surface horizontal surface phonons in buried Si02 layers. J. Phys. Cond. 6, L85.
Hillebrands, B., Lee, S., Stegeman, G. I., Cheng, H., Potts, J. E., Nizzoli, F. (1988). Evidence for the existence of guided longitudinal acoustic phonons in ZnSe films on GaAs. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 832–35.
Hillebrands, B., Mock, R., Giintherodt, G., Bechthold, P. S., Herres, N. (1986). Dispersion of localized elastic modes in thin supported gold layers measured by Brillouin scattering. Solid State Comm. 60, 649–52.
Aleksandrov, V., Bottani, C. E., Caglioti, G., Ghislotti, G., Marinoni, C., Mutti, P., Yakovlev, N. L., Sokolof, N. S. (1994). Experimental evidence of the transformation of the Rayleigh surface phonon in GaAs(01) heterostructures of the accelerating type. J. Phys. Cond. 6, 1947–54.
Baumgart, P., Blumenroder, S., Erl, A., Hillebrands, B., Giintherodt, G., Schmidt, H. (1989). Sound velocities of YBa2Cu307–8 single crystals measured by Brillouin spectroscopy. Sol. St. Comm. 69, 1135–37.
Baumgart, P., Blumenroder, S., Erle, A., Hillebrands, B., Splittgerber, P., Gtintherodt, G., Schmidt, H. (1989). Sound velocities of YBa2Cu3O7–8 and Bi2Sr2CaCu2Ox single crystals measured by Brillouin spectroscopy. Physica C 171, 173–82.
Boekholt, M., Harzer, J. V., Hillebrands, B., Guntherodt, G. (1991). Determination of the sound velocities and the complete set of elastic constants of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ single crystals using Brillouin light scattering. Physica C 179, 101–106.
Nizzoli, F., Bhadra, R., de Lima, O. F., Brodsky, M. B., Grimsditch, M. (1988). Problems with the determination of elastic constants from higher order surface waves: results for Al on NaCI. Phys. Rev. B 37, 1007–10.
Bottani, C. E., Elena, M., Beghi, M., Ghislotti, G., Guzman, L., Miotello, A., Ossi, P. M. (1993). Elastic properties of thin TiN films. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 308, 95–100.
Zanoni, R., Naselli, C., Bell, J. A., Stegeman, G. I., Seaton, C. T. (1986). Brillouin spectroscopy of Langmuir-Blodgett films. Phys. Rev. Lett. 57, 2838–40.
Nizzoli, F., Hillebrands, B., Lee, S., Stegeman, G. I., Duda, G., Werner, G., Knoll, W. (1989). Determination of the whole set of elastic constants of a polimeric Langmuir-Blodgett films by Brillouin spectroscopy. Phys. Rev. B 40, 3323–28.
Kueny, A., Grimsditch, M., Miyano, K., Banerjee, I., Falco, C. M., Schuller, I. K. (1982). Anomalous behaviour of surface acoustic waves in Cu/Nb superlattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 166–69.
Schuller, I. K. and Grimsditch, M. (1986). Effect of strain on the elastic properties of superlattices. J. Vac. Sci. and Technol. B 4, 1444–46.
Bell, J. A., Bennet, W. R., Zanoni, R., Stegeman, G. I., Falco, C. M., Seaton, C. T. (1987). Elastic constants of Cu/Nb superlattices. Sol. St. Commun. 64, 1339–42.
Khan, M. R., Chun, C. S. L., Felcher, P., Grimsditch, M., Kueny, A., Falco, C. M., Schuller, I. K. (1983). Structural, elastic and transport anomalies in molybdenum/nickel superlattices. Phys. Rev. B 27, 7186–93.
Danner, R., Huebener, R. P., Chun, C. S. L., Grimsditch, M., Schuller, I. K. (1986). Surface acoustic waves in Ni/V superlattices. Phys. Rev. B 33, 3696–3701.
Bell, J. A., Bennet, W. R., Zanoni, R., Stegeman, G. I., Falco, C. M., Nizzoli, F. (1987). Elastic constants of Mo/Ta superlattices measured by Brillouin scattering. Phys. Rev. B 343, 9004–07.
Bisanti, P., Brodsky, M. B., Felcher, G. P., Grimsditch, M., Sill, L. R. (1987). Surface waves in Au/Cr superlattices. Phys. Rev. B 35, 7813–19.
Moreau, A., Ketterson, J. B., Davis, B. M. (1990). A new ultrasonic method for measuring elastic moduli in unsupported films: application to Cu/Pd superlattices. J. Appl. Phys. 68, 1622–1627.
Huberman, M. L., and Grimsditch, M. (1989). Lattice expansion and contraction in metallic superlattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1403–06.
Cammarata, R. C. (1986). The supermodulus effect in compositionally modulated superlattices. Scr. Metall. 20, 479–81.
Wolf, D. and Lutsko, J. F. (1988). Structurally induced supermodulus effect in superlattices. Phys. Rev. Lett. 60, 1170–73.
Hillebrands, B., Krams, P., Sporl, K., Weller, D. (1991). Influence of the interference quality on the elastic properties of Co/Au multilayers investigated by Brillouin scattering. J. Appl. Phys. 69, 938–42.
Carlotti, G., Fioretto, D., Socino, G., Rodmacq, B., Pelosin, V. (1992). Interface effects and elastic constants of Ag/Ni superlattices studied by Brillouin scattering. J. Appl. Phys. 71, 4897–902.
Mendik, M., Sathish, S., Kulik, A., Gremaud, G., Wacther, P. (1992). Surface acoustic wave studies on single crystal nickel using Brillouin scattering and scanning acoustic microscopy. J. Appl. Phys. 71, 2830–34.
Eguiluz, E. G. and Maradudin, A. A. (1983). Frequency shift and attenuation length of Rayleigh wave due to surface roughness. Phys. Rev. B 28, 728–747.
Rehn, L. R., Okamoto, P., Pearson, J., Bhadra, R., Grimsditch, M. (1987). Solid-state amorphization of Zr3A1: evidence of an elastic instability and first order transformation. Phys. Rev. Lett. 59, 2987–90.
Grimsditch, M., Gray, K. E., Bhadra, R., Kampwirth, R. T., Rehn, L. R. (1987). Brillouin scattering study of lattice-stiffness changes due to ion irradiation: dramatic softening in Nb3Ir. Phys. Rev. B 35, 883–85.
Okamoto, P., Rehn, L. R., Pearson, J., Bhadra, R., Grimsditch, M. (1988). Brillouin scattering and transmission electron microscopy studies of radiation-induced elastic softening, disordering and amorphization of intermetallic compounds. J. Less Common Met. 140, 231–44.
Koike, J. (1993). Elastic instability of crystals caused by static atom displacement: a mechanism for solid state amorphization. Phys. Rev. B 47, 7700–04.
Bhadra, R., Pearson, J., Okamoto, P., Rehn, L. R., Grimsditch, M. (1988). Elastic properties of Si during amorphization. Phys. Rev. B 38, 12656–60.
Sharma, R. P., Bhadra, R., Rehn, L. E., Baldo, P. M., Grimsditch, M. (1989). Crystalline to amorphous transformation in GaAs during Kr ion bombardment: a study of elastic behavior. J. Appl. Phys. 66, 152–55.
Cerofolini, G. F., Bertoni, S., Fumagalli, P., Meda, L., Spaggiari, C. (1993). SiO2 precipitation in highly supersaturated oxygen implanted single-crystal silicon. Phys. Rev. B 47, 1174–82.
Elliott, R. J., Krumhansl, J. A., Leath, P. L. (1974). The theory and properties of randomly disordered crystals and related physical systems. Rev. Mod. Phys. 46, 465–543.
Eshelby, J. D. (1959). The elastic field outside an ellipsoidal inclusion. Proc. R. Soc. A 252, 561–80.
Nizzoli, F. and Mills, D. L. (1991). In: Nonlinear Surface Electromagnetic Phenomena (H.-E. Ponath and G. I. Stegeman, eds.), Chap. 7, North Holland, Amsterdam.
Cummins, H. Z. (1983). In: Light Scattering Near Phase Transitions (H. Z. Cummins and A. P. Levanyuk, eds.), pp. 1031–65, North Holland, Amsterdam.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Mutti, P., Bottani, C.E., Ghislotti, G., Beghi, M., Briggs, G.A.D., Sandercock, J.R. (1995). Surface Brillouin Scattering—Extending Surface Wave Measurements to 20 GHz. In: Briggs, A. (eds) Advances in Acoustic Microscopy. Advances in Acoustic Microscopy, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1873-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1873-0_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-5762-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-1873-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive